Stan Lee[1] (born Stanley Martin Lieber/ˈliːbər/; December 28, 1922 – November 12, 2018) was an American comic book writer, editor, publisher, and producer. He rose through the ranks of a family-run business to become Marvel Comics' primary creative leader for two decades, leading its expansion from a small division of a publishing house to a multimedia corporation that dominated the comics industry.
Stan Lee | |
---|---|
Born | Stanley Martin Lieber December 28, 1922 New York City, New York, U.S. |
Died | November 12, 2018 (aged 95) Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
Nationality | American |
Area(s) | Comic book writer, editor, publisher, producer |
Collaborators | |
Awards | |
Spouse(s) | |
Children | 2 |
Signature | |
therealstanlee.com |
In collaboration with others at Marvel—particularly co-writer/artists Jack Kirby and Steve Ditko—he co-created numerous popular fictional characters, including superheroes Spider-Man, the X-Men, Iron Man, Thor, the Hulk, the Fantastic Four, Black Panther, Daredevil, Doctor Strange, Scarlet Witch and Ant-Man. In doing so, he pioneered a more naturalistic approach to writing superhero comics in the 1960s, and in the 1970s he challenged the restrictions of the Comics Code Authority, indirectly leading to changes in its policies. In the 1980s he pursued development of Marvel properties in other media, with mixed results. Following his retirement from Marvel in the 1990s, he remained a public figurehead for the company, and frequently made cameo appearances in films and television shows based on Marvel characters, on which he received an executive producer credit. Meanwhile, he continued independent creative ventures into his 90s, until his death in 2018.
Lee was inducted into the comic book industry's Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame in 1994 and the Jack Kirby Hall of Fame in 1995. He received the NEA's National Medal of Arts in 2008.
- 1Personal life
- 2Publishing career
- 2.2Marvel Comics
- 3Bibliography
- 3.2Comics bibliography
- 4Cultural impact
- 4.2Fictional portrayals
Personal life
Early life
Stanley Martin Lieber was born on December 28, 1922, in Manhattan, New York City,[2] in the apartment of his Romanian-born Jewish immigrant parents, Celia (née Solomon: 1898–1947) and Jack Lieber (1893–1965), at the corner of West 98th Street and West End Avenue in Manhattan.[3][4] Though raised in a Jewish household, In a 2002 survey of whether he believed in God, he stated, 'Well, let me put it this way.. [Pauses.] No, I'm not going to try to be clever. I really don't know. I just don't know.'[5] His father, trained as a dress cutter, worked only sporadically after the Great Depression,[3] and the family moved further uptown to Fort Washington Avenue,[6] in Washington Heights, Manhattan. Lee had one younger brother named Larry Lieber.[7] He said in 2006 that as a child he was influenced by books and movies, particularly those with Errol Flynn playing heroic roles.[8] By the time Lee was in his teens, the family was living in an apartment at 1720 University Avenue in The Bronx. Lee described it as 'a third-floor apartment facing out back'. Lee and his brother shared the bedroom, while their parents slept on a foldout couch.[7]
Lee attended DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx.[9] In his youth, Lee enjoyed writing and entertained dreams of writing the 'Great American Novel' one day.[10] He said that in his youth he worked such part-time jobs as writing obituaries for a news service and press releases for the National Tuberculosis Center;[11] delivering sandwiches for the Jack May pharmacy to offices in Rockefeller Center; working as an office boy for a trouser manufacturer; ushering at the Rivoli Theater on Broadway;[12] and selling subscriptions to the New York Herald Tribune newspaper.[13] At fifteen, Lee entered a high school essay competition sponsored by the New York Herald Tribune, called 'The Biggest News of the Week Contest.' Lee claimed to have won the prize for three straight weeks, goading the newspaper to write him and ask him to let someone else win. The paper suggested he look into writing professionally, which Lee claimed 'probably changed my life.'[14] He graduated from high school early, aged sixteen and a half, in 1939 and joined the WPAFederal Theatre Project.[15]
Marriage and residences
From 1945 to 1947, Lee lived in the rented top floor of a brownstone in the East 90s in Manhattan.[16] He married Joan Clayton Boocock, originally from Newcastle, England,[17] on December 5, 1947,[18][19] and in 1949, the couple bought a house in Woodmere, New York, on Long Island, living there through 1952.[20] Their daughter Joan Celia 'J. C.' Lee was born in 1950. Another daughter, Jan Lee, died three days after delivery in 1953.[21]
The Lees resided in the Long Island town of Hewlett Harbor, New York, from 1952 to 1980.[22] They also owned a condominium on East 63rd Street in Manhattan from 1975 to 1980,[23] and during the 1970s owned a vacation home in Remsenburg, New York.[24] For their move to the West Coast in 1981, they bought a home in West Hollywood, California, previously owned by comedian Jack Benny's radio announcer Don Wilson.[25]
Philanthropy
The Stan Lee Foundation was founded in 2010 to focus on literacy, education, and the arts. Its stated goals include supporting programs and ideas that improve access to literacy resources, as well as promoting diversity, national literacy, culture and the arts.[26]
Lee donated portions of his personal effects to the University of Wyoming at various times, between 1981 and 2001.[27]
Later years and death
In September 2012, Lee underwent an operation to insert a pacemaker, which required cancelling planned appearances at conventions.[28][29]
On July 6, 2017, his wife of 69 years, Joan, died of complications from a stroke. She was 95 years old.[30]
In April 2018, The Hollywood Reporter published a report that claimed Lee was a victim of elder abuse; the report asserted that among others, Keya Morgan, business manager of Lee and a memorabilia collector, had been isolating Lee from his trusted friends and associates following his wife's death, to obtain access to Lee's wealth, estimated to amount to US$50 million.[31][32] In August 2018, Morgan was issued a restraining order to stay away from Lee, his daughter, or his associates for three years.[33] The Los Angeles Superior Court charged Morgan in May 2019 with five counts of abuse for events in mid-2018.[34]
Lee died on November 12, 2018, six weeks before his 96th birthday at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, after being rushed there in a medical emergency earlier in the day.[35][36][37] Earlier that year, Lee revealed to the public that he had been battling pneumonia and in February was rushed to the hospital for worsening conditions at around the same time.[38] The immediate cause of death listed on his death certificate was cardiac arrest with respiratory failure and congestive heart failure as underlying causes. It also indicated that he suffered from 'aspiration pneumonia.' His body was cremated and his ashes were given to his family or friend.[39]
Roy Thomas, who succeeded Lee as editor-in-chief at Marvel, had visited Lee two days prior to his death to discuss the upcoming book The Stan Lee Story, and stated 'I think he was ready to go. But he was still talking about doing more cameos. As long as he had the energy for it and didn't have to travel, Stan was always up to do some more cameos. He got a kick out of those more than anything else.'[40]
Publishing career
Early career
With the help of his uncle Robbie Solomon,[41] Lee became an assistant in 1939 at the new Timely Comics division of pulp magazine and comic-book publisher Martin Goodman's company. Timely, by the 1960s, would evolve into Marvel Comics. Lee, whose cousin Jean[42] was Goodman's wife, was formally hired by Timely editor Joe Simon.[n 1]
His duties were prosaic at first. 'In those days [the artists] dipped the pen in ink, [so] I had to make sure the inkwells were filled', Lee recalled in 2009. 'I went down and got them their lunch, I did proofreading, I erased the pencils from the finished pages for them'.[44] Marshaling his childhood ambition to be a writer, young Stanley Lieber made his comic-book debut with the text filler 'Captain America Foils the Traitor's Revenge' in Captain America Comics #3 (cover-dated May 1941), using the pseudonym Stan Lee (a play on his first name, ”Stanley”),[45] which years later he would adopt as his legal name.[46] Lee later explained in his autobiography and numerous other sources that because of the low social status of comic books, he was so embarrassed that he used a pen name so that nobody would associate his real name with comics when he some day wrote the Great American Novel.[47] This initial story also introduced Captain America's trademark ricocheting shield-toss.[48]:11
He graduated from writing filler to actual comics with a backup feature, 'Headline' Hunter, Foreign Correspondent', two issues later. Lee's first superhero co-creation was the Destroyer, in Mystic Comics #6 (August 1941). Other characters he co-created during this period fans and historians call the Golden Age of Comic Books include Jack Frost, debuting in U.S.A. Comics #1 (August 1941), and Father Time, debuting in Captain America Comics #6 (August 1941).[48]:12–13
When Simon and his creative partner Jack Kirby left late in 1941, following a dispute with Goodman, the 30-year-old publisher installed Lee, just under 19 years old, as interim editor.[48]:14[49] The youngster showed a knack for the business that led him to remain as the comic-book division's editor-in-chief, as well as art director for much of that time, until 1972, when he would succeed Goodman as publisher.[50][51]
Lee entered the United States Army in early 1942 and served within the US as a member of the Signal Corps, repairing telegraph poles and other communications equipment.[52] He was later transferred to the Training Film Division, where he worked writing manuals, training films, slogans, and occasionally cartooning.[53] His military classification, he said, was 'playwright'; he added that only nine men in the U.S. Army were given that title.[54] In the Army, Lee's division included many famous or soon-to-be famous people, including three-time Academy Award-winning director Frank Capra, New Yorker cartoonist Charles Addams, and children's book writer and illustrator Theodor Geisel, later known to the world as 'Dr. Seuss.'[55]Vincent Fago, editor of Timely's 'animation comics' section, which put out humor and funny animal comics, filled in until Lee returned from his World War II military service in 1945. Lee was inducted into the Signal Corps Regimental Association and was given honorary membership of the 2nd Battalion of 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment out of Joint Base Lewis-McChord at the 2017 Emerald City Comic Con for his prior service.[56]
While in the Army, Lee received letters every week on Friday from the editors at Timely, detailing what they needed written and by when. Lee would write, then send the story back on Monday. One week, the mail clerk overlooked his letter, explaining nothing was in Lee's mailbox. The next day, however, Lee went by the closed mailroom and saw an envelope with the return address of Timely Comics in his mailbox. Not willing to miss a deadline, Lee asked the officer in charge to open the mailroom, but he refused. So Lee took a screwdriver and unscrewed the mailbox hinges, enabling him to get at the assignment. The mailroom officer saw what he did and turned him into the base captain, who did not like Lee. He faced tampering charges and could have been sent to Leavenworth Prison. Luckily, the colonel in charge of the Finance Department intervened and saved Lee from disciplinary action.[57]
In the mid-1950s, by which time the company was now generally known as Atlas Comics, Lee wrote stories in a variety of genres including romance, Westerns, humor, science fiction, medieval adventure, horror and suspense. In the 1950s, Lee teamed up with his comic book colleague Dan DeCarlo to produce the syndicated newspaper strip My Friend Irma, based on the radio comedy starring Marie Wilson.[58] By the end of the decade, Lee had become dissatisfied with his career and considered quitting the field.[59][60]
Marvel Comics
Marvel revolution
In the late 1950s, DC Comics editor Julius Schwartz revived the superhero archetype and experienced a significant success with its updated version of the Flash, and later with super-team the Justice League of America. In response, publisher Martin Goodman assigned Lee to come up with a new superhero team. Lee's wife suggested that he experiment with stories he preferred, since he was planning on changing careers and had nothing to lose.
Lee acted on that advice, giving his superheroes a flawed humanity, a change from the ideal archetypes that were typically written for preteens. Before this, most superheroes were idealistically perfect people with no serious, lasting problems.[61] Lee introduced complex, naturalistic characters[62] who could have bad tempers, fits of melancholy, and vanity; they bickered amongst themselves, worried about paying their bills and impressing girlfriends, got bored or were even sometimes physically ill.
The first superheroes Lee and artist Jack Kirby created together were the Fantastic Four, based on a previous Kirby superhero team, Challengers of the Unknown, published by DC Comics.[63] The team's immediate popularity[64] led Lee and Marvel's illustrators to produce a cavalcade of new titles. Again working with Kirby, Lee co-created the Hulk,[65]Thor,[66]Iron Man,[67] and the X-Men;[68] with Bill Everett, Daredevil;[69] and with Steve Ditko, Doctor Strange[70] and Marvel's most successful character, Spider-Man,[71] all of whom lived in a thoroughly shared universe.[72] Lee and Kirby gathered several of their newly created characters together into the team title The Avengers[73] and would revive characters from the 1940s such as the Sub-Mariner[74] and Captain America.[75] Years later, Kirby and Lee would contest who deserved credit for creating The Fantastic Four.[76]
Comics historian Peter Sanderson wrote that in the 1960s:
DC was the equivalent of the big Hollywood studios: After the brilliance of DC's reinvention of the superhero .. in the late 1950s and early 1960s, it had run into a creative drought by the decade's end. There was a new audience for comics now, and it wasn't just the little kids that traditionally had read the books. The Marvel of the 1960s was in its own way the counterpart of the French New Wave.. Marvel was pioneering new methods of comics storytelling and characterization, addressing more serious themes, and in the process keeping and attracting readers in their teens and beyond. Moreover, among this new generation of readers were people who wanted to write or draw comics themselves, within the new style that Marvel had pioneered, and push the creative envelope still further.[77]
Lee's revolution extended beyond the characters and storylines to the way in which comic books engaged the readership and built a sense of community between fans and creators.[78] He introduced the practice of regularly including a credit panel on the splash page of each story, naming not just the writer and penciller but also the inker and letterer. Regular news about Marvel staff members and upcoming storylines was presented on the Bullpen Bulletins page, which (like the letter columns that appeared in each title) was written in a friendly, chatty style. Lee remarked that his goal was for fans to think of the comics creators as friends, and considered it a mark of his success on this front that, at a time when letters to other comics publishers were typically addressed 'Dear Editor', letters to Marvel addressed the creators by first name (e.g., 'Dear Stan and Jack'). Lee recorded messages to the newly formed Merry Marvel Marching Society fan club in 1965.[79] By 1967, the brand was well-enough ensconced in popular culture that a March 3 WBAI radio program with Lee and Kirby as guests was titled 'Will Success Spoil Spiderman' [sic].[80]
Throughout the 1960s, Lee scripted, art-directed and edited most of Marvel's series, moderated the letters pages, wrote a monthly column called 'Stan's Soapbox', and wrote endless promotional copy, often signing off with his trademark motto, 'Excelsior!' (which is also the New York state motto). To maintain his workload and meet deadlines, he used a system that was used previously by various comic-book studios, but due to Lee's success with it, became known as the 'Marvel Method'. Typically, Lee would brainstorm a story with the artist and then prepare a brief synopsis rather than a full script. Based on the synopsis, the artist would fill the allotted number of pages by determining and drawing the panel-to-panel storytelling. After the artist turned in penciled pages, Lee would write the word balloons and captions, and then oversee the lettering and coloring. In effect, the artists were co-plotters, whose collaborative first drafts Lee built upon.
Following Ditko's departure from Marvel in 1966, John Romita Sr. became Lee's collaborator on The Amazing Spider-Man. Within a year, it overtook Fantastic Four to become the company's top seller.[81] Lee and Romita's stories focused as much on the social and college lives of the characters as they did on Spider-Man's adventures.[82] The stories became more topical, addressing issues such as the Vietnam War,[83] political elections,[84] and student activism.[85]Robbie Robertson, introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man #51 (August 1967) was one of the first African-American characters in comics to play a serious supporting role.[86] In the Fantastic Four series, the lengthy run by Lee and Kirby produced many acclaimed storylines as well as characters that have become central to Marvel, including the Inhumans[87][88] and the Black Panther,[89] an African king who would be mainstream comics' first black superhero.[90]
The story frequently cited as Lee and Kirby's finest achievement[91][92] is the three-part 'Galactus Trilogy' that began in Fantastic Four #48 (March 1966), chronicling the arrival of Galactus, a cosmic giant who wanted to devour the planet, and his herald, the Silver Surfer.[93][94]Fantastic Four #48 was chosen as #24 in the 100 Greatest Marvels of All Time poll of Marvel's readers in 2001. Editor Robert Greenberger wrote in his introduction to the story that 'As the fourth year of the Fantastic Four came to a close, Stan Lee and Jack Kirby seemed to be only warming up. In retrospect, it was perhaps the most fertile period of any monthly title during the Marvel Age.'[95] Comics historian Les Daniels noted that '[t]he mystical and metaphysical elements that took over the saga were perfectly suited to the tastes of young readers in the 1960s', and Lee soon discovered that the story was a favorite on college campuses.[96] Lee and artist John Buscema launched The Silver Surfer series in August 1968.[97][98]
The following year, Lee and Gene Colan created the Falcon, comics' first African-American superhero in Captain America #117 (September 1969).[99] Then in 1971, Lee indirectly helped reform the Comics Code.[100] The U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare had asked Lee to write a comic-book story about the dangers of drugs and Lee conceived a three-issue subplot in The Amazing Spider-Man #96–98 (cover-dated May–July 1971), in which Peter Parker's best friend becomes addicted to prescription drugs. The Comics Code Authority refused to grant its seal because the stories depicted drug use; the anti-drug context was considered irrelevant. With Goodman's cooperation and confident that the original government request would give him credibility, Lee had the story published without the seal. The comics sold well and Marvel won praise for its socially conscious efforts.[101] The CCA subsequently loosened the Code to permit negative depictions of drugs, among other new freedoms.[102][103]
Lee also supported using comic books to provide some measure of social commentary about the real world, often dealing with racism and bigotry.[104] 'Stan's Soapbox', besides promoting an upcoming comic book project, also addressed issues of discrimination, intolerance, or prejudice.[105][106]
In 1972, Lee stopped writing monthly comic books to assume the role of publisher. His final issue of The Amazing Spider-Man was #110 (July 1972)[107] and his last Fantastic Four was #125 (August 1972).[108]
Later Marvel years
Lee became a figurehead and public face for Marvel Comics. He made appearances at comic book conventions around America, lecturing at colleges and participating in panel discussions. Lee and John Romita Sr. launched the Spider-Man newspaper comic strip on January 3, 1977.[109] Lee's final collaboration with Jack Kirby, The Silver Surfer: The Ultimate Cosmic Experience, was published in 1978 as part of the Marvel Fireside Books series and is considered to be Marvel's first graphic novel.[110] Lee and John Buscema produced the first issue of The Savage She-Hulk (February 1980), which introduced the female cousin of the Hulk[111] and crafted a Silver Surfer story for Epic Illustrated #1 (Spring 1980).[112]
He moved to California in 1981 to develop Marvel's TV and movie properties. He was an executive producer for, and made cameo appearances in Marvel film adaptations and other movies. He occasionally returned to comic book writing with various Silver Surfer projects including a 1982 one-shot drawn by John Byrne,[113] the Judgment Day graphic novel illustrated by John Buscema,[114] the Parable limited series drawn by French artist Mœbius,[115] and The Enslavers graphic novel with Keith Pollard.[116] Lee was briefly president of the entire company, but soon stepped down to become publisher instead, finding that being president was too much about numbers and finance and not enough about the creative process he enjoyed.[117]
Beyond Marvel
Lee stepped away from regular duties at Marvel in the 1990s, though he continued to receive an annual salary of $1 million as Chairman Emeritus.[118] In 1998 he and Peter Paul began a new Internet-based superhero creation, production, and marketing studio, Stan Lee Media.[119] It grew to 165 people and went public through a reverse merger structured by investment banker Stan Medley in 1999, but, near the end of 2000, investigators discovered illegal stock manipulation by Paul and corporate officer Stephan Gordon.[120] Stan Lee Media filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in February 2001.[121] Paul was extradited to the U.S. from Brazil and pleaded guilty to violating SEC Rule 10b-5 in connection with trading of his stock in Stan Lee Media.[122][123] Lee was never implicated in the scheme.
In 2001, Lee, Gill Champion, and Arthur Lieberman formed POW! (Purveyors of Wonder) Entertainment to develop film, television and video game properties. Lee created the risqué animated superhero series Stripperella for Spike TV.
Following the success of Fox Studio's 2000 X-Men film and Sony's then-current Spider-Man film, Lee sued Marvel in 2002, claiming that the company was failing to pay his share of the profits from movies featuring the characters he had co-created. Because he had done so as an employee, Lee did not own them, but in the 1990s, after decades of making little money licensing them for television and film, Marvel had promised him 10% of any future profits.[118] Lee and the company settled in 2005 for an undisclosed seven-figure amount.[124][118]
In 2004, POW! Entertainment went public through a reverse merger again structured by investment banker Stan Medley. Also that year, Lee announced a superhero program that would feature former Beatle Ringo Starr as the lead character.[125][126] Additionally, in August of that year, Lee announced the launch of Stan Lee's Sunday Comics,[127] a short-lived subscription service hosted by Komikwerks.com. From July 2006 until September 2007 Lee hosted, co-created, executive-produced, and judged the reality televisiongame show competition Who Wants to Be a Superhero? on the Sci-Fi Channel.[128]
In March 2007, after Stan Lee Media had been purchased by Jim Nesfield, the company filed a lawsuit against Marvel Entertainment for $5 billion, claiming Lee had given his rights to several Marvel characters to Stan Lee Media in exchange for stock and a salary.[129] In June 2007, Stan Lee Media sued Lee; his newer company, POW! Entertainment; and POW! subsidiary QED Entertainment.[130][131]
In 2008, Lee wrote humorous captions for the political fumetti book Stan Lee Presents Election Daze: What Are They Really Saying?[132] In April of that year, Brighton Partners and Rainmaker Animation announced a partnership with POW! to produce a CGI film series, Legion of 5.[133] Other projects by Lee announced in the late 2000s included a line of superhero comics for Virgin Comics,[134] a TV adaptation of the novel Hero,[135] a foreword to Skyscraperman by skyscraper fire-safety advocate and Spider-Man fan Dan Goodwin,[136] a partnership with Guardian Media Entertainment and The Guardian Project to create NHL superhero mascots[137] and work with the Eagle Initiative program to find new talent in the comic book field.[138]
In October 2011, Lee announced he would partner with 1821 Comics on a multimedia imprint for children, Stan Lee's Kids Universe, a move he said addressed the lack of comic books targeted for that demographic; and that he was collaborating with the company on its futuristic graphic novel Romeo & Juliet: The War, by writer Max Work and artist Skan Srisuwan.[139][140] At the 2012 San Diego Comic-Con International, Lee announced his YouTube channel, Stan Lee's World of Heroes, which airs programs created by Lee, Mark Hamill, Peter David, Adrianne Curry and Bonnie Burton, among others.[141][142][143][144] Lee wrote the book Zodiac, released in January 2015, with Stuart Moore.[145] The film Stan Lee's Annihilator, based on a Chinese prisoner-turned-superhero named Ming and in production since 2013, was released in 2015.[146][147][148]
In his later career, Lee's contributions continued to expand outside the style that he helped pioneer. An example of this is his first work for DC Comics in the 2000s, launching the Just Imagine.. series, in which Lee re-imagined the DC superheroes Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Green Lantern, and the Flash.[149]Manga projects involving Lee include Karakuri Dôji Ultimo, a collaboration with Hiroyuki Takei, Viz Media and Shueisha,[150] and Heroman, serialized in Square Enix's Monthly Shōnen Gangan with the Japanese company Bones.[151][152] In 2011, Lee started writing a live-action musical, The Yin and Yang Battle of Tao.[153]
This period also saw a number of collaborators honor Lee for his influence on the comics industry. In 2006, Marvel commemorated Lee's 65 years with the company by publishing a series of one-shot comics starring Lee himself meeting and interacting with many of his co-creations, including Spider-Man, Doctor Strange, the Thing, Silver Surfer, and Doctor Doom. These comics also featured short pieces by such comics creators as Joss Whedon and Fred Hembeck, as well as reprints of classic Lee-written adventures.[154] At the 2007 Comic-Con International, Marvel Legends introduced a Stan Lee action figure. The body beneath the figure's removable cloth wardrobe is a re-used mold of a previously released Spider-Man action figure, with minor changes.[155]Comikaze Expo, Los Angeles' largest comic book convention, was rebranded as Stan Lee's Comikaze Presented by POW! Entertainment in 2012.[156]
At the 2016 Comic-Con International, Lee introduced his digital graphic novel Stan Lee's God Woke,[157][158][159] with text originally written as a poem he presented at Carnegie Hall in 1972.[160] The print-book version won the 2017 Independent Publisher Book Awards' Outstanding Books of the Year Independent Voice Award.[161]
Bibliography
Books
- Lee, Stan; Mair, George (2002). Excelsior!: The Amazing Life of Stan Lee. Simon & Schuster. ISBN978-0-7432-2800-8.
- Lee, Stan (1997) [Originally published by Simon & Schuster in 1974]. Origins of Marvel Comics. Marvel Entertainment Group. ISBN978-0-7851-0551-0.
- Lee, Stan; David, Peter (2015). Amazing, Fantastic, Incredible: A Marvelous Memoir. Simon & Schuster. ISBN978-1501107771.
Comics bibliography
Lee's comics work includes:[112]
DC Comics
- DC Comics Presents: Superman #1 (2004)
- Detective Comics #600 (1989, text piece)
- Just Imagine Stan Lee creating:
- Aquaman (with Scott McDaniel) (2002)
- Batman (with Joe Kubert) (2001)
- Catwoman (with Chris Bachalo) (2002)
- Crisis (with John Cassaday) (2002)
- Flash (with Kevin Maguire) (2002)
- Green Lantern (with Dave Gibbons) (2001)
- JLA (with Jerry Ordway) (2002)
- Robin (with John Byrne) (2001)
- Sandman (with Walt Simonson) (2002)
- Secret Files and Origins (2002)
- Shazam! (with Gary Frank) (2001)
- Superman (with John Buscema) (2001)
- Wonder Woman (with Jim Lee) (2001)
Marvel Comics
- The Amazing Spider-Man #1–100, 105–110, 116–118, 200, Annual #1–5, 18 (1962–84); (backup stories): #634–645 (2010–11)
- The Amazing Spider-Man, strips (1977–2018)[162]
- The Avengers #1–35 (1963–66)
- Captain America #100–141 (1968–71) (continues from Tales of Suspense #99)
- Daredevil, #1–9, 11–50, 53, Annual #1 (1964–69)
- Daredevil, vol. 2, #20 (backup story) (2001)
- Epic Illustrated #1 (Silver Surfer) (1980)
- Fantastic Four #1–114, 120–125, Annual #1–6 (1961–72); #296 (1986)
- The Incredible Hulk #1–6 (continues to Tales to Astonish #59)
- The Incredible Hulk, vol. 2, #108–120 (1968–69)
- Journey into Mystery (Thor) plotter #83–96 (1962–63), writer #97–125, Annual #1 (1963–66) (continues to Thor #126)
- The Mighty Thor #126–192, 200, Annual #2 (1966–72), 385 (1987)
- Kissnation #1 (1996)
- Nightcat #1 (1991)
- Ravage 2099 #1–7 (1992–93)
- Savage She-Hulk #1 (1980)
- Savage Tales #1 (1971)
- Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos #1–28, Annual #1 (1963–66)
- Silver Surfer #1–18 (1968–70)
- Silver Surfer, vol. 2, #1 (1982)
- Silver Surfer: Judgment Day (1988) ISBN978-0-87135-427-3
- Silver Surfer: Parable #1–2 (1988–89)
- Silver Surfer: The Enslavers (1990) ISBN978-0-87135-617-8
- Solarman #1–2 (1989–90)
- The Spectacular Spider-Man (magazine) #1–2 (1968)
- The Spectacular Spider-Man Annual #10 (1990)
- Strange Tales (diverse stories): #9, 11, 74, 89, 90–100 (1951–62); (Human Torch): #101–109, 112–133, Annual #2; (Doctor Strange): #110–111, 115–142, 151–158 (1962–67); Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D.: #135–147, 150–152 (1965–67)
- Tales to Astonish (diverse stories): #1, 6, 12–13, 15–17, 24–33 (1956–62); Ant-Man/Giant Man: #35–69 (1962–65); The Hulk: #59–101 (1964–1968); Sub-Mariner: #70–101 (1965–68)
- Tales of Suspense (diverse stories):#7, 9, 16, 22, 27, 29–30 (1959–62); (Iron Man): plotter #39–46 (1963), writer #47–98 (1963–68) (Captain America): #58–86, 88–99 (1964–68)
- Web of Spider-Man Annual #6 (1990)
- What If (Fantastic Four) #200 (2011)
- The X-Men #1–19 (1963–66)
Simon & Schuster
- The Silver Surfer: The Ultimate Cosmic Experience, 114 pages, September 1978, ISBN978-0-671-24225-1
Other
- Karakuri Dôji Ultimo (manga original concept)
Cultural impact
Accolades
- The County of Los Angeles and the City of Long Beach declared October 2, 2009, 'Stan Lee Day'.[163]
- On July 14, 2017, Lee and Jack Kirby were named Disney Legends for their creation of numerous characters that later comprised Disney's Marvel Cinematic Universe.[164]
- On July 18, 2017, as part of D23 Disney Legends event, a ceremony was held at the TCL Chinese Theatre on Hollywood Boulevard where Stan Lee imprinted his hands, feet, and signature in cement.[165]
Year | Award | Nominated work | Result |
---|---|---|---|
1974 | Inkpot Award[166] | Won | |
1994 | The Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame[167] | ||
1995 | Jack Kirby Hall of Fame[168] | ||
2002 | Saturn Award | The Life Career Award | |
2008 | National Medal of Arts[169] | ||
2009 | Hugo Award[170] | Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation- Iron Man | Nominated |
Scream Awards[171] | Comic-Con Icon Award | Won | |
2011 | Hollywood Walk of Fame[172] | ||
2012 | Visual Effects Society Awards | Lifetime Achievement Award | |
Producers Guild of America[173] | Vanguard Award | ||
2017 | National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers[174] | Performance in a Comedy, Supporting |
Fictional portrayals
Marvel publisher
Stan Lee appears in one panel as 'third assistant office boy' in Terry-Toons #12 (September 1943). Stan Lee is featured prominently as a story character in Margie #36 (June 1947).
He later appears in a mask on the cover of Black Rider #8 (March 1950), albeit as a character model, not as Stan Lee.
Falcon 4 Original Download
Lee and Jack Kirby appear as themselves in The Fantastic Four #10 (January 1963), the first of several appearances within the fictional Marvel Universe.[175] The two are depicted as similar to their real-world counterparts, creating comic books based on the 'real' adventures of the Fantastic Four.
Kirby later portrayed himself, Lee, production executive Sol Brodsky, and Lee's secretary Flo Steinberg as superheroes in What If #11 (October 1978), 'What If the Marvel Bullpen Had Become the Fantastic Four?', in which Lee played the role of Mister Fantastic.
Lee was shown in numerous cameo appearances in many Marvel titles, appearing in audiences and crowds at many characters' ceremonies and parties. For example, he is seen hosting an old-soldiers reunion in Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos #100 (July 1972), in The Amazing Spider-Man #169 (June 1977), as a bar patron in Marvels #3 (1994),[176] at Karen Page's funeral in Daredevil vol. 2, #8 (June 1998), and as the priest officiating at Luke Cage and Jessica Jones' wedding in New Avengers Annual #1 (June 2006). Lee and Kirby appear as professors in Marvel Adventures Spider-Man #19 (2006).
He appears in Generation X #17 (July 1996) as a circus ringmaster narrating (in lines written by Lee) a story set in an abandoned circus. This characterization was revived in Marvel's 'Flashback' series of titles cover-dated July 1997, numbered '-1', introducing stories about Marvel characters before they became superheroes.
In Stan Lee Meets Superheroes (2007), written by Lee, he comes into contact with some of his favorite creations.[154]
Other publishers
Lee was parodied by Kirby in comics published by rival DC Comics as Funky Flashman.[177]
Lee and other comics creators are mentioned in Michael Chabon's 2000 novel set in the early comics industry The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay.
Under the name Stanley Lieber, he appears briefly in Paul Malmont's 2006 novel The Chinatown Death Cloud Peril.[178]
In Lavie Tidhar's 2013 The Violent Century, Lee appears – as Stanley Martin Lieber – as a historian of superhumans.[179]
Feb 11, 2018 - Xojo Mac Keygen File. The latest adds 'full support for macOS High Sierra.' Apple today issued a statement about the fiasco with iPhone battery. Xojo Pro 2016r3 Crack Create your own apps, like commercial or in house apps. As UTF8 to enhance better compatibility between Windows, Mac, and Linux. Patch folder contents in place, install software, copy files, execute Patch.exe.
Film and television appearances
Lee had cameo appearances in many Marvel film and television projects, including those within the Marvel Cinematic Universe.[180] A few of these appearances are self-aware and sometimes reference Lee's involvement in the creation of certain characters.[181] He had completed the filmed footage for his cameo in the film Avengers: Endgame prior to his death.[182]
See also
Notes
- ^ Lee's account of how he began working for Marvel's predecessor, Timely, varied. He said in lectures and elsewhere that he simply answered a newspaper ad seeking a publishing assistant, not knowing it involved comics, let alone his cousin Jean's husband, Martin Goodman:
I applied for a job in a publishing company .. I didn't even know they published comics. I was fresh out of high school, and I wanted to get into the publishing business, if I could. There was an ad in the paper that said, 'Assistant Wanted in a Publishing House.' When I found out that they wanted me to assist in comics, I figured, 'Well, I'll stay here for a little while and get some experience, and then I'll get out into the real world.' .. I just wanted to know, 'What do you do in a publishing company?' How do you write? .. How do you publish? I was an assistant. There were two people there named Joe Simon and Jack Kirby – Joe was sort-of the editor/artist/writer, and Jack was the artist/writer. Joe was the senior member. They were turning out most of the artwork. Then there was the publisher, Martin Goodman .. And that was about the only staff that I was involved with. After a while, Joe Simon and Jack Kirby left. I was about 17 years old [sic], and Martin Goodman said to me, 'Do you think you can hold down the job of editor until I can find a real person?' When you're 17, what do you know? I said, 'Sure! I can do it!' I think he forgot about me, because I stayed there ever since.[43]
In his 2002 autobiography, Excelsior! The Amazing Life of Stan Lee, he writes:
My uncle, Robbie Solomon, told me they might be able to use someone at a publishing company where he worked. The idea of being involved in publishing definitely appealed to me. .. So I contacted the man Robbie said did the hiring, Joe Simon, and applied for a job. He took me on and I began working as a gofer for eight dollars a week..
Joe Simon, in his 1990 autobiography The Comic Book Makers, gives the account slightly differently: 'One day [Goodman's relative known as] Uncle Robbie came to work with a lanky 17-year-old in tow. 'This is Stanley Lieber, Martin's wife's cousin,' Uncle Robbie said. 'Martin wants you to keep him busy.'
In an appendix, however, Simon appears to reconcile the two accounts. He relates a 1989 conversation with Lee:
Lee: I've been saying this [classified-ad] story for years, but apparently it isn't so. And I can't remember because I['ve] said it so long now that I believe it.
..
Simon: Your Uncle Robbie brought you into the office one day and he said, 'This is Martin Goodman's wife's nephew.' [sic] .. You were seventeen years old.
Lee: Sixteen and a half!
Simon: Well, Stan, you told me seventeen. You were probably trying to be older.. I did hire you.
References
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..the procedure performed last week.
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- ^'I Let People Do Their Jobs!': A Conversation with Vince Fago—Artist, writer, and Third Editor-in-Chief of Timely/Marvel Comics'. Alter Ego. 3 (11). Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing. November 2001. Archived from the original on November 25, 2009.
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- ^Sanderson, Peter (2008). '1940s'. In Gilbert, Laura (ed.). Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 19. ISBN978-0-7566-4123-8.
Joe Simon and Jack Kirby's assistant Stanley Lieber wrote his first story for Timely, a text story called 'Captain America Foils the Traitor's Revenge'. It was also his first superhero story, and the first work he signed using his new pen name of Stan Lee.
- ^Roy Thomas (November 13, 2018). 'How Stanley Lieber Wrote His First Comics Story and Became 'Stan Lee''.
- ^'The 'Amazing Fantastic Incredible' life of Stan Lee, now in comic form'. www.mprnews.org.
- ^ abcThomas, Roy (2006). Stan Lee's Amazing Marvel Universe. New York: Sterling Publishing. ISBN978-1-4027-4225-5.
With the speed of thought, he sent his shield spinning through the air to the other end of the tent, where it smacked the knife out of Haines' hand!' It became a convention starting the following issue, in a Simon & Kirby's comics story depict the following: 'Captain America's speed of thought and action save Bucky's life—as he hurls his shield across the room.
- ^Sanderson '1940s' in Gilbert (2008), p. 19
- ^Kupperberg, Paul (2006). The Creation of Spider-Man. New York, New York: Rosen Publishing. p. 12. ISBN978-1-4042-0763-9.
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- ^Noted comic-book writer Alan Moore described the significance of this new approach in a radio interview on the BBC Four program Chain Reaction, transcribed at 'Alan Moore Chain Reaction Interview Transcript'. Comic Book Resources. January 27, 2005. Archived from the original on November 8, 2010.:
The DC comics were .. one dimensional characters whose only characteristic was they dressed up in costumes and did good. Whereas Stan Lee had this huge breakthrough of two-dimensional characters. So, they dress up in costumes and do good, but they've got a bad heart. Or a bad leg. I actually did think for a long while that having a bad leg was an actual character trait.
- ^Wright, Bradford W. (2003). Comic Book Nation: The Transformation of Youth Culture in America. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 207. ISBN978-0-8018-7450-5.
- ^Kimball, Kirk (n.d.). 'Secret Origins of the Fantastic Four'. Dial B For Blog. Archived from the original on September 20, 2015.
- ^DeFalco, Tom '1960s' in Gilbert (2008), p. 84: 'It did not take long for editor Stan Lee to realize that The Fantastic Four was a hit..the flurry of fan letters all pointed to the FF's explosive popularity.'
- ^DeFalco '1960s' in Gilbert (2008), p. 85: 'Based on their collaboration on The Fantastic Four, [Stan] Lee worked with Jack Kirby. Instead of a team that fought traditional Marvel monsters however, Lee decided that this time he wanted to feature a monster as the hero.'
- ^DeFalco '1960s' in Gilbert (2008), p. 88: '[Stan Lee] had always been fascinated by the legends of the Norse gods and realized that he could use those tales as the basis for his new series centered on the mighty Thor..The heroic and glamorous style that..Jack Kirby [had] was perfect for Thor.'
- ^DeFalco '1960s' in Gilbert (2008), p. 91: 'Set against the background of the Vietnam War, Iron Man signaled the end of Marvel's monster/suspense line when he debuted in Tales of Suspense #39..[Stan] Lee discussed the general outline for Iron Man with Larry Lieber, who later wrote a full script for the origin story.'
- ^DeFalco '1960s' in Gilbert (2008), p. 94: 'The X-Men #1 introduced the world to Professor Charles Xavier and his teenage students Cyclops, Beast, Angel, Iceman, and Marvel Girl. Magneto, the master of magnetism and future leader of the evil mutants, also appeared.'
- ^DeFalco '1960s' in Gilbert (2008), p. 100: 'Stan Lee chose the name Daredevil because it evoked swashbucklers and circus daredevils, and he assigned Bill Everett, the creator of the Sub-Mariner to design and draw Daredevil #1.'
- ^DeFalco '1960s' in Gilbert (2008), p. 93: [Stan Lee] decided his new superhero feature would star a magician. Since Lee was enjoying his collaborations with Steve Ditko on The Amazing Spider-Man, he decided to assign the new feature to Ditko, who usually handled at least one of the backups in Strange Tales.
- ^DeFalco '1960s' in Gilbert (2008), p. 87: 'Deciding that his new character would have spider-like powers, [Stan] Lee commissioned Jack Kirby to work on the first story. Unfortunately, Kirby's version of Spider-Man's alter ego Peter Parker proved too heroic, handsome, and muscular for Lee's everyman hero. Lee turned to Steve Ditko, the regular artist on Amazing Adult Fantasy, who designed a skinny, awkward teenager with glasses.'
- ^Wright, p. 218
- ^DeFalco '1960s' in Gilbert (2008), p. 94: 'Filled with some wonderful visual action, The Avengers #1 has a very simple story: the Norse god Loki tricked the Hulk into going on a rampage .. The heroes eventually learned about Loki's involvement and united with the Hulk to form the Avengers.'
- ^DeFalco '1960s' in Gilbert (2008), p. 86: 'Stan Lee and Jack Kirby reintroduced one of Marvel's most popular Golden Age heroes – Namor, the Sub-Mariner.'
- ^DeFalco '1960s' in Gilbert (2008), p. 99: 'Captain America lives again!' announced the cover of The Avengers #4..Cap was back.'
- ^Batchelor, Bob (2017). Stan Lee: The Man Behind Marvel. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 73. ISBN978-1-4422-7781-6.
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[Stan Lee] knew that most readers tuned in every month for a glimpse of that side of Spider-Man's life as much as they did to see the wall-crawler battle the latest supervillain.
- ^Manning '1960s' in Gilbert (2012), p. 39: The Amazing Spider-Man #47 (April 1967) 'Kraven's latest rematch with Spidey was set during a going-away party for Flash Thompson, who was facing the very real issue of the Vietnam War draft.'
- ^Manning '1960s' in Gilbert (2012), p. 43: The Spectacular Spider-Man #1 (July 1968) 'Drawn by Romita and Jim Mooney, the mammoth 52-page lead story focused on corrupt politician Richard Raleigh's plot to terrorize the city.'
- ^Manning '1960s' in Gilbert (2012), p. 46: The Amazing Spider-Man #68 (January 1969) 'Stan Lee tackled the issues of the day again when, with artists John Romita and Jim Mooney, he dealt with social unrest at Empire State University.'
- ^David, Peter; Greenberger, Robert (2010). The Spider-Man Vault: A Museum-in-a-Book with Rare Collectibles Spun from Marvel's Web. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Running Press. p. 34. ISBN978-0-7624-3772-6.
Joseph 'Robbie' Robertson made his debut in The Amazing Spider-Man #51, in a manner that was as quiet and unassuming as the character himself. His debut wasn't treated like the landmark event that it was; he was simply there one day, no big deal.
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- ^DeFalco '1960s' in Gilbert (2008), p. 117: Stan Lee wanted to do his part by co-creating the first black super hero. Lee discussed his ideas with Jack Kirby and the result was seen in Fantastic Four #52.
- ^Thomas, Stan Lee's Amazing Marvel Universe, pp. 112–115
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- ^DeFalco '1960s' in Gilbert (2008), p. 115: 'Stan Lee may have started the creative discussion that culminated in Galactus, but the inclusion of the Silver Surfer in Fantastic Four #48 was pure Jack Kirby. Kirby realized that a being like Galactus required an equally impressive herald.'
- ^Greenberger, Robert, ed. (December 2001). 100 Greatest Marvels of All Time. Marvel Comics. p. 26.
- ^Daniels, Les (1991). Marvel: Five Fabulous Decades of the World's Greatest Comics. Harry N. Abrams. p. 128. ISBN978-0-8109-3821-2.
- ^DeFalco '1960s' in Gilbert (2008), p. 131: 'When Stan Lee was told to expand the Marvel line, he immediately gave the Surfer his own title..Since Jack Kirby had more than enough assignments, Lee assigned John Buscema the task of illustrating the new book.'
- ^Daniels, p. 139: 'Beautifully drawn by John Buscema, this comic book represented an attempt to upgrade the medium with a serious character of whom Lee had grown very fond.'
- ^DeFalco '1960s' in Gilbert (2008), p. 137: 'The Black Panther may have broken the mold as Marvel's first black superhero, but he was from Africa. The Falcon, however, was the first black American superhero.'
- ^Wright, p. 239
- ^Saffel, Steve (2007). 'Bucking the Establishment, Marvel Style'. Spider-Man the Icon: The Life and Times of a Pop Culture Phenomenon. Titan Books. p. 60. ISBN978-1-84576-324-4.
The stories received widespread mainstream publicity, and Marvel was hailed for sticking to its guns.
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- ^Sanderson '1970s' in Gilbert (2008), p. 157
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- ^ abStan Lee at the Grand Comics Database
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- ^Frater, Patrick (February 27, 2013). 'Josephson joins Annihilator'. Film Business Asia. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
- ^Mitchell, Aric (February 21, 2013). 'Stan Lee's Annihilator: Chinese Superhero Coming To Big Screen'. The Inquisitr. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
- ^Konow, David (February 25, 2013). 'Stan Lee is back with Annihilator'. TG Daily. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
- ^Cowsill, Alan (2010). '2000s'. In Dolan, Hannah (ed.). DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 300. ISBN978-0-7566-6742-9.
It was quite a coup. Stan 'The Man' Lee..swapped sides to write for DC. Teaming up with comicdom's top artists, Lee put his own unique take on DC's iconic heroes.
- ^'NYCC 08: Stan Lee Dives into Manga'. IGN. April 4, 2008. Archived from the original on February 19, 2014. Retrieved April 8, 2008.
- ^'Stan Lee, Bones Confirmed to be Working on Hero Man'. Anime News Network. April 10, 2008. Archived from the original on October 20, 2013. Retrieved March 9, 2010.
- ^'Stan Lee & Bones' Heroman Anime Now in Production'. Anime News Network. October 6, 2009. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2010.
- ^Hetrick, Adam (January 4, 2011). 'Stan Lee Encouraged by Spider-Man; New Projects on the Horizon'. Playbill. Archived from the original on August 1, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2011.
- ^ abRichards, Dave (August 24, 2006). 'The Man Comes Around: Lee talks Stan Lee Meets'. Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on March 13, 2014. Archive requires scrolldown
- ^'Stan Lee: Marvel Legends'. OAFE.net. Archived from the original on February 14, 2014. Retrieved April 27, 2010.
- ^Duke, Alan (April 11, 2012). 'Stan Lee launches his own comic convention'. CNN. Archived from the original on August 15, 2012.
- ^Wiebe, Sheldon (July 18, 2016). 'Comic-Con 2016: POW! Entertainment and Shatner Singularity Introduce Stan Lee's God Woke!' (Press release). Shatner Singularity. Archived from the original on December 22, 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2016 – via EclipseMagazine.com. Additional on December 22, 2016. (WebCitation page requires text-blocking to make text visible)
- ^LeBlanc, Sarah (July 22, 2016). 'Stan Lee puts philosophical spin on comic book adventure'. Philadelphia Daily News. Archived from the original on July 30, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2016.
- ^Niu, Mark (July 24, 2016). 'Comic book legend Stan Lee treated like royalty at Comic-Con'. China Central Television. Archived from the original on July 26, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2016.
- ^McLaughlin, Jeff (2007). Stan Lee: Conversations. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. p. Chronology xvii. ISBN978-1578069859.
- ^'2017 Independent Publisher Book Awards'. Independent Publisher Book Awards. Archived from the original on April 8, 2017. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
- ^Cassell, Dewey (October 2010). 'One Day at a Time: The Amazing Spider-Man Newspaper Strips'. Back Issue! (44): 63–67.
Lee has penned The Amazing Spider-Man newspaper strip since the beginning.
- ^Meeks, Robert (October 2, 2009). 'L.B. Comic Con: It's Stan Lee Day!'. Insidesocal.com. Archived from the original on January 17, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2010.
- ^McMillan, Graeme (July 16, 2017). 'Jack Kirby to Be Named 'Disney Legend' at D23 Expo in July'. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on November 16, 2017. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
- ^'Stan Lee imprints his hands and feet in concrete at TCL Chinese Theatre'. ABC News. July 19, 2017. Archived from the original on March 1, 2018.
- ^'Inkpot Award'. San Diego Comic-Con. 2016. Archived from the original on January 29, 2017.
- ^'Will Eisner Hall of Fame'. The Will Eisner Comic Industry Awards. 2014. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014.
- ^Curry, Stormy (October 31, 2013). 'Stan Lee: It's All In The Cameos With Marvel Movies'. KTTV. Archived from the original on March 13, 2014.
- ^Garreau, Joel (November 18, 2008). 'Stan Lee and Olivia de Havilland Among National Medal of Arts Winners'. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 6, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
- ^'2009 Hugo Awards'. World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on May 7, 2011. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
- ^'TV: Video Highlights from the 2009 Spike TV Scream Awards'. Bloody-disgusting.com. October 21, 2009. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2010.
- ^Simpson, David (January 4, 2011). 'Video: Stan Lee Picks Up 2,428th Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame'. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on June 2, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
- ^'Stan Lee to Receive 2012 Producers Guild Vanguard Award'. The Hollywood Reporter. November 9, 2011. Archived from the original on May 24, 2012. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
- ^'2016 Awards'. National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers. Archived from the original on August 29, 2017.
- ^Christiansen, Jeff (February 15, 2014). 'Stan Lee (as a character)'. The Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014.
- ^Brick, Scott (March 2007). 'Alex Ross'. Wizard Xtra!. p. 92.
- ^Jensen, K. Thor. 'Jack Kirby's Greatest WTF Creations'. UGO.com. Archived from the original on May 23, 2013. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
- ^Lott, Rod (July 18, 2006). 'Q&A with The Chinatown Death Cloud Peril's Paul Malmont'. Bookgasm.com. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012.
- ^Kelly, Stuart (October 25, 2013). 'The Violent Century by Lavie Tidhar – review'. The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
- ^Chris Hewitt; Al Plumb (April 29, 2015). 'Stan Lee's Marvellous Cameos – Now With Even More Cameos'. Empire. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
- ^'Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) — From 'X-Men' to 'Spider-Man': 35 of Stan Lee's Most Memorable Cameos'. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
- ^Bankhurst, Adam (November 12, 2018). 'Stan Lee Already Filmed His Avengers 4 Cameo'. IGN. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
Further reading
- McLaughlin, Jeff, ed. (2007). Stan Lee: Conversations. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. ISBN978-1-57806-985-9.
- Ro, Ronin (2005) [first published 2004]. Tales to Astonish: Jack Kirby, Stan Lee, and the American Comic Book Revolution. Bloomsbury USA. ISBN978-1-58234-566-6.
- Jordan, Raphael; Spurgeon, Tom (2003). Stan Lee and the Rise and Fall of the American Comic Book. Chicago Review Press. ISBN978-1-55652-506-3.
External links
- Official website
- Stan Lee at Curlie
- Stan Lee at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators
- Stan Lee at the Comic Book DB
- Stan Lee at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
- Stan Lee on IMDb
- Stan Lee at The Interviews: An Oral History of Television
- Stan Lee at Web of Stories
- The Last Word – Video (05:26) (New York Times; November 12, 2018)
Business positions | ||
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Preceded by Joe Simon | Marvel Comics Editor-in-Chief 1941–1942 | Succeeded by Vincent Fago |
Preceded by Vincent Fago | Marvel Comics Editor-in-Chief 1945–1972 | Succeeded by Roy Thomas |
Preceded by n/a | Fantastic Four writer 1961–1971 | Succeeded by Archie Goodwin |
Preceded by Archie Goodwin | Fantastic Four writer 1972 | Succeeded by Roy Thomas |
Preceded by n/a | The Amazing Spider-Man writer 1962–1971 | Succeeded by Roy Thomas |
Preceded by Roy Thomas | The Amazing Spider-Man writer 1972–1973 | Succeeded by Gerry Conway |
Preceded by n/a | The Incredible Hulk writer (including Tales to Astonish stories) 1962–1968 | Succeeded by Gary Friedrich |
Preceded by Gary Friedrich | The Incredible Hulk writer 1968–1969 | Succeeded by Roy Thomas |
Preceded by n/a | Thor writer (including Journey into Mystery stories) 1962–1971 (with Larry Lieber in 1962) (with Robert Bernstein in 1963) | Succeeded by Gerry Conway |
Preceded by n/a | The Avengers writer 1963–1966 | Succeeded by Roy Thomas |
Preceded by n/a | (Uncanny) X-Men writer 1963–1966 | Succeeded by Roy Thomas |
Preceded by n/a | Captain America writer (including Tales of Suspense stories) 1964–1971 | Succeeded by Gary Friedrich |
Preceded by n/a | Daredevil writer 1964–1969 | Succeeded by Roy Thomas |
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I also wish that they could bring Falcon 4.0 for BMS. I mean, maybe some sort of cooperation? A small share going to BMS? They're always looking for donations. <br /> <br />
BMS makes this game into a modern state of the art flight sim. Unless someone will make DCS: F-16, this is and will remain the best F-16 sim around.
C'mon GOG let us be free with a Falcon 4 in our hand !!!
GAME INFORMATION | |
---|---|
Game Name: | Berserk: Millennium Falcon Hen Seima Senki no Sho |
Original Title: | ベルセルク 千年帝国の鷹篇 聖魔戦記の章 |
Region: | Japan |
Console: | PlayStation 2 |
Release Date: | 2004-10-07 |
Genre: | Action, Action RPG, Action-Adventure, Adventure |
Publisher: | Sammy Studios, Yuke's Media Creations |
Languages: | English Patched |
Image Format: | ISO |
Game ID: | SLPM-65688 |
Downloads: | 2,045 |
Users Score: |
Description:
Berserk: Millennium Falcon Hen Seima Senki no Sho is a Action/Action RPG/Action-Adventure/Adventure video game published by Sammy Studios, Yuke's Media Creations released on October 7, 2004 for the PlayStation 2.
How to play with PCSX2 Emulator:
Get the Latest version of PCSX2 (link below) and do: System -> Boot ISO. Then Select the .iso or .bin file.Screenshots:
Berserk: Millennium Falcon Hen Seima Senki no Sho (English Patched) PS2 ISO Download
Related Games:
Commonwealth of Virginia | |||
---|---|---|---|
| |||
Nickname(s): | |||
Motto(s): Sic semper tyrannis (English: Thus Always to Tyrants)[1] | |||
State song(s): 'Our Great Virginia' | |||
Official language | English | ||
Spoken languages | English 86%, Spanish 6% Other 8% | ||
Demonym | Virginian | ||
Capital | Richmond | ||
Largest city | Virginia Beach | ||
Largest metro | Baltimore-Washington Metro Area | ||
Area | Ranked 35th | ||
• Total | 42,774.2 sq mi (110,785.67 km2) | ||
• Width | 200 miles (320 km) | ||
• Length | 430 miles (690 km) | ||
• % water | 7.4 | ||
• Latitude | 36° 32′ N to 39° 28′ N | ||
• Longitude | 75° 15′ W to 83° 41′ W | ||
Population | Ranked 12th | ||
• Total | 8,517,685 (2018) | ||
• Density | 206.7/sq mi (79.8/km2) Ranked 14th | ||
• Median household income | $71,535[2] (10th) | ||
Elevation | |||
• Highest point | Mount Rogers[3][4] 5,729 ft (1746 m) | ||
• Mean | 950 ft (290 m) | ||
• Lowest point | Atlantic Ocean[3] Sea level | ||
Before statehood | Colony of Virginia | ||
Admitted to the Union | June 25, 1788 (10th) | ||
Governor | Ralph Northam (D) | ||
Lieutenant Governor | Justin Fairfax (D) | ||
Legislature | General Assembly | ||
• Upper house | Senate | ||
• Lower house | House of Delegates | ||
U.S. Senators | Mark Warner (D) Tim Kaine (D) | ||
U.S. House delegation | 7 Democrats 4 Republicans (list) | ||
Time zone | Eastern: UTC−5/−4 | ||
ISO 3166 | US-VA | ||
Abbreviations | VA, Va. | ||
Website | www.virginia.gov |
Virginia state symbols | |
---|---|
The Flag of Virginia | |
Living insignia | |
Bird | Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) |
Butterfly | Tiger Swallowtail butterfly (Papilio glaucus) |
Dog breed | American Foxhound (Canis lupis familiaris) |
Fish | Brook trout, striped bass |
Flower | Flowering Dogwood |
Insect | Tiger Swallowtail butterfly (Papilio glaucus) |
Tree | Flowering Dogwood |
Inanimate insignia | |
Beverage | Milk |
Dance | Square dance |
Fossil | Chesapecten jeffersonius |
Rock | Nelsonite |
Shell | Eastern oyster |
Slogan | Virginia is for lovers |
Tartan | Virginia Quadcentennial Tartan |
State route marker | |
State quarter | |
Released in 2000 | |
Lists of United States state symbols |
Virginia (/vərˈdʒɪniə/(listen)), officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Southeastern[5] and Mid-Atlantic[6] regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's estimated population as of 2018 is over 8.5 million.[7]
The area's history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New WorldEnglish colony. Virginia's state nickname, the Old Dominion, is a reference to this status. Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony's early politics and plantation economy. Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution. In the American Civil War, Virginia's Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy, and Virginia's First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union; that led to the creation of West Virginia. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia.[8]
The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World.[9] The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008.[10] It is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginia's economy has many sectors: agriculture in the Shenandoah Valley; federal agencies in Northern Virginia, including the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); and military facilities in Hampton Roads, the site of the region's main seaport.
- 1Geography
- 2History
- 4Demographics
- 5Economy
- 6Culture
- 12Politics
Geography
Virginia has a total area of 42,774.2 square miles (110,784.7 km2), including 3,180.13 square miles (8,236.5 km2) of water, making it the 35th-largest state by area.[12] Virginia is bordered by Maryland and Washington, D.C. to the north and east; by the Atlantic Ocean to the east; by North Carolina to the south; by Tennessee to the southwest; by Kentucky to the west; and by West Virginia to the north and west. Virginia's boundary with Maryland and Washington, D.C. extends to the low-water mark of the south shore of the Potomac River.[13] The southern border is defined as the 36° 30′ parallel north, though surveyor error led to deviations of as much as three arcminutes.[14] The border with Tennessee was not settled until 1893, when their dispute was brought to the U.S. Supreme Court.[15]
Geology and terrain
The Chesapeake Bay separates the contiguous portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginia's Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the drowned river valleys of the Susquehanna River and the James River.[16] Many of Virginia's rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, which create three peninsulas in the bay.[17][18]
The Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay. The Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era.[20] The region, known for its heavy clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville.[21] The Blue Ridge Mountains are a physiographic province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the state, the tallest being Mount Rogers at 5,729 feet (1,746 m).[22] The Ridge and Valley region is west of the mountains and includes the Great Appalachian Valley. The region is carbonate rock based and includes Massanutten Mountain.[23] The Cumberland Plateau and the Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia, south of the Allegheny Plateau. In this region, rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin.[24]
The Virginia Seismic Zone has not had a history of regular earthquake activity. Earthquakes are rarely above 4.5 in magnitude, because Virginia is located away from the edges of the North American Plate. The largest earthquake, at an estimated 5.9 magnitude, was in 1897 near Blacksburg.[25] A 5.8 magnitude earthquake struck central Virginia on August 23, 2011, near Mineral. The earthquake was reportedly felt as far away as Toronto, Atlanta and Florida.[26] 35 million years ago, a bolide impacted what is now eastern Virginia. The resulting Chesapeake Bay impact crater may explain what earthquakes and subsidence the region does experience.[27]
Coal mining takes place in the three mountainous regions at 45 distinct coal beds near Mesozoic basins.[28] Over 64 million tons of other non-fuel resources, such as slate, kyanite, sand, or gravel, were also mined in Virginia in 2018.[29] The state's carbonate rock is filled with more than 4,000 caves, ten of which are open for tourism, including the popular Luray Caverns and Skyline Caverns.[30]
Climate
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The climate of Virginia is humid subtropical and becomes increasingly warmer and more humid farther south and east.[31] Seasonal extremes vary from average lows of 26 °F (−3 °C) in January to average highs of 86 °F (30 °C) in July. The Atlantic Ocean has a strong effect on eastern and southeastern coastal areas of the state. Influenced by the Gulf Stream, coastal weather is subject to hurricanes, most pronouncedly near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay.[32] In spite of its position adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean, even the coastal areas have a significant continental influence with quite large temperature differences between summer and winter, particularly given the state climate's subtropical classification, which is typical of states in the Upper South.
Virginia has an annual average of 35–45 days of thunderstorm activity, particularly in the western part of the state,[33] and an average annual precipitation of 43.32 inches (110 cm).[34] Cold air masses arriving over the mountains in winter can lead to significant snowfalls, such as the Blizzard of 1996 and winter storms of 2009–2010. The interaction of these elements with the state's topography creates distinct microclimates in the Shenandoah Valley, the mountainous southwest, and the coastal plains.[35] Virginia averages seven tornadoes annually, most F2 or lower on the Fujita scale.[36]
In recent years, the expansion of the southern suburbs of Washington, D.C. into Northern Virginia has introduced an urban heat island primarily caused by increased absorption of solar radiation in more densely populated areas.[37] In the American Lung Association's 2018 report, Arlington and Fairfax counties received failing grades for high ozone pollution.[38] Haze in the mountains is caused in part by coal power plants.[39]
Ecosystem
Forests cover 65% of the state, primarily with deciduous, broad leaf trees in the western part of the state and evergreens and conifers in the central and eastern parts of Virginia.[40] Lower altitudes are more likely to have small but dense stands of moisture-loving hemlocks and mosses in abundance, with hickory and oak in the Blue Ridge.[31] However, since the early 1990s, Gypsy moth infestations have eroded the dominance of oak forests.[41] In the lowland tidewater and piedmont, yellow pines tend to dominate, with bald cypress wetland forests in the Great Dismal and Nottoway swamps. Other common trees and plants include red bay, wax myrtle, dwarf palmetto, tulip poplar, mountain laurel, milkweed, daisies, and many species of ferns. The largest areas of wilderness are along the Atlantic coast and in the western mountains, where the largest populations of trillium wildflowers in North America are found.[31][42] The Atlantic coast regions are host to flora commonly associated with the South Atlantic pine forests and lower Southeast Coastal Plain maritime flora, the latter found primarily in eastern and central Virginia.
Mammals include white-tailed deer, black bear, beaver, bobcat, coyote, raccoon, skunk, groundhog, Virginia opossum, gray fox, red fox, and eastern cottontail rabbit.[43] Other mammals include: nutria, fox squirrel, gray squirrel, flying squirrel, chipmunk, brown bat, and weasel. Birds include cardinals (the state bird), barred owls, Carolina chickadees, red-tailed hawks, ospreys, brown pelicans, quail, seagulls, bald eagles, and wild turkeys. Virginia is also home to the pileated woodpecker as well as the red-bellied woodpecker. The peregrine falcon was reintroduced into Shenandoah National Park in the mid-1990s.[44] Walleye, brook trout, Roanoke bass, and blue catfish are among the 210 known species of freshwater fish.[45] Running brooks with rocky bottoms are often inhabited by plentiful amounts of crayfish and salamanders.[31] The Chesapeake Bay is host to many species, including blue crabs, clams, oysters, and rockfish (also known as striped bass).[46]
Virginia has 30 National Park Service units, such as Great Falls Park and the Appalachian Trail, and one national park, Shenandoah National Park.[47] Shenandoah was established in 1935 and encompasses the scenic Skyline Drive. Almost 40% of the park's area (79,579 acres or 322.04 km2) has been designated as wilderness under the National Wilderness Preservation System.[48] Additionally, there are 34 Virginia state parks and 17 state forests, run by the Department of Conservation and Recreation and the Department of Forestry.[40][49] The Chesapeake Bay, while not a national park, is protected by both state and federal legislation, and the jointly run Chesapeake Bay Program which conducts restoration on the bay and its watershed. The Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge extends into North Carolina, as does the Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge, which marks the beginning of the Outer Banks.[50]
History
'Jamestown 2007' marked Virginia's quadricentennial year, celebrating 400 years since the establishment of the Jamestown Colony. The celebrations highlighted contributions from Native Americans, Africans, and Europeans, each of which had a significant part in shaping Virginia's history.[52][53] Warfare, including among these groups, has also had an important role. Virginia was a focal point in conflicts from the French and Indian War, the American Revolution and the Civil War, to the Cold War and the War on Terrorism.[54] Stories about historic figures, such as those surrounding Pocahontas and John Smith, George Washington's childhood, or the plantation elite in the slave society of the antebellum period, have also created potent myths of state history, and have served as rationales for Virginia's ideology.[55]
Colony
The first people are estimated to have arrived in Virginia over 12,000 years ago.[56] By 5,000 years ago more permanent settlements emerged, and farming began by 900 AD. By 1500, the Algonquian peoples had founded towns such as Werowocomoco in the Tidewater region, which they referred to as Tsenacommacah. The other major language groups in the area were the Siouan to the west, and the Iroquoians, who included the Nottoway and Meherrin, to the north and south. After 1570, the Algonquians consolidated under Chief Powhatan in response to threats from these other groups on their trade network.[57] Powhatan controlled more than 30 smaller tribes and over 150 settlements, who shared a common Virginia Algonquian language. In 1607, the native Tidewater population was between 13,000 and 14,000.[58]
Several European expeditions, including a group of Spanish Jesuits, explored the Chesapeake Bay during the 16th century.[59] In 1583, Queen Elizabeth I of England granted Walter Raleigh a charter to plant a colony north of Spanish Florida.[60] In 1584, Raleigh sent an expedition to the Atlantic coast of North America.[61] The name 'Virginia' may have been suggested then by Raleigh or Elizabeth, perhaps noting her status as the 'Virgin Queen,' and may also be related to a native phrase, 'Wingandacoa,' or name, 'Wingina.'[62] Initially the name applied to the entire coastal region from South Carolina to Maine, plus the island of Bermuda.[63] Later, subsequent royal charters modified the Colony's boundaries. The London Company was incorporated as a joint stock company by the proprietary Charter of 1606, which granted land rights to this area. The company financed the first permanent English settlement in the 'New World', Jamestown. Named for King James I, it was founded in May 1607 by Christopher Newport.[64] In 1619, colonists took greater control with an elected legislature called the House of Burgesses. With the bankruptcy of the London Company in 1624, the settlement was taken into royal authority as an English crown colony.[65]
Life in the colony was perilous, and many died during the Starving Time in 1609 and the Anglo-Powhatan Wars, including the Indian massacre of 1622, which fostered the colonists' negative view of all tribes.[66] By 1624, only 3,400 of the 6,000 early settlers had survived.[67] However, European demand for tobacco fueled the arrival of more settlers and servants.[68] The headright system tried to solve the labor shortage by providing colonists with land for each indentured servant they transported to Virginia.[69] African workers were first imported to Jamestown in 1619 initially under the rules of indentured servitude. The shift to a system of African slavery in Virginia was propelled by the legal cases of John Punch, who was sentenced to lifetime slavery in 1640 for attempting to run away,[70] and of John Casor, who was claimed by Anthony Johnson as his servant for life in 1655.[71] Slavery first appears in Virginia statutes in 1661 and 1662, when a law made it hereditary based on the mother's status.[72]
Tensions and the geographic differences between the working and ruling classes led to Bacon's Rebellion in 1676, by which time current and former indentured servants made up as much as 80% of the population.[73] Rebels, largely from the colony's frontier, were also opposed to the conciliatory policy towards native tribes, and one result of the rebellion was the signing at Middle Plantation of the Treaty of 1677, which made the signatory tribes tributary states and was part of a pattern of appropriating tribal land by force and treaty. Middle Plantation saw the founding of The College of William & Mary in 1693 and was renamed Williamsburg as it became the colonial capital in 1699.[74] In 1747, a group of Virginian speculators formed the Ohio Company, with the backing of the British crown, to start English settlement and trade in the Ohio Country west of the Appalachian Mountains.[75]France, which claimed this area as part of their colony of New France, viewed this as a threat, and the ensuing French and Indian War became part of the Seven Years' War (1756–1763). A militia from several British colonies, called the Virginia Regiment, was led by then-Lieutenant Colonel George Washington.[76]
Statehood
The British Parliament's efforts to levy new taxes following the French and Indian War were deeply unpopular in the colonies. In the House of Burgesses, opposition to taxation without representation was led by Patrick Henry and Richard Henry Lee, among others.[77] Virginians began to coordinate their actions with other colonies in 1773, and sent delegates to the Continental Congress the following year.[78] After the House of Burgesses was dissolved by the royal governor in 1774, Virginia's revolutionary leaders continued to govern via the Virginia Conventions. On May 15, 1776, the Convention declared Virginia's independence from the British Empire and adopted George Mason's Virginia Declaration of Rights, which was then included in a new constitution.[79] Another Virginian, Thomas Jefferson, drew upon Mason's work in drafting the national Declaration of Independence.[80]
When the American Revolutionary War began, George Washington was selected to head the colonial army. During the war, the capital was moved to Richmond at the urging of Governor Thomas Jefferson, who feared that Williamsburg's coastal location would make it vulnerable to British attack.[81] In 1781, the combined action of Continental and French land and naval forces trapped the British army on the Virginia Peninsula, where troops under George Washington and Comte de Rochambeau defeated British General Cornwallis in the Siege of Yorktown. His surrender on October 19, 1781 led to peace negotiations in Paris and secured the independence of the colonies.[82]
Virginians were instrumental in writing the United States Constitution. James Madison drafted the Virginia Plan in 1787 and the Bill of Rights in 1789.[80]Virginia ratified the Constitution on June 25, 1788. The three-fifths compromise ensured that Virginia, with its large number of slaves, initially had the largest bloc in the House of Representatives. Together with the Virginia dynasty of presidents, this gave the Commonwealth national importance. In 1790, both Virginia and Maryland ceded territory to form the new District of Columbia, though the Virginian area was retroceded in 1846.[83] Virginia is called the 'Mother of States' because of its role in being carved into states such as Kentucky, which became the 15th state in 1792, and for the numbers of American pioneers born in Virginia.[84]
Civil War and aftermath
In addition to agriculture, slave labor was increasingly used in mining, shipbuilding and other industries.[85] The execution of Gabriel Prosser in 1800, Nat Turner's slave rebellion in 1831 and John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859 marked the growing social discontent over slavery and its role in the plantation economy. By 1860, almost half a million people, roughly 31% of the total population of Virginia, were enslaved.[86][87] This division contributed to the start of the American Civil War.
Virginia voted to secede from the United States on April 17, 1861, after the Battle of Fort Sumter and Abraham Lincoln's call for volunteers. On April 24, Virginia joined the Confederate States of America, which chose Richmond as its capital.[84] After the 1861 Wheeling Convention, 48 counties in the northwest separated to form a new state of West Virginia, which chose to remain loyal to the Union. Virginian general Robert E. Lee took command of the Army of Northern Virginia in 1862, and led invasions into Union territory, ultimately becoming commander of all Confederate forces. During the war, more battles were fought in Virginia than anywhere else, including Bull Run, the Seven Days Battles, Chancellorsville, and the concluding Battle of Appomattox Court House.[88] After the capture of Richmond in April 1865, the state capital was briefly moved to Lynchburg,[89] while the Confederate leadership fled to Danville.[90] Virginia was formally restored to the United States in 1870, due to the work of the Committee of Nine.[91]
During the post-war Reconstruction era, Virginia adopted a constitution which provided for free public schools, and guaranteed political, civil, and voting rights.[92] The populist Readjuster Party ran an inclusive coalition until the conservative white Democratic Party gained power after 1883.[93] It passed segregationist Jim Crow laws and in 1902 rewrote the Constitution of Virginia to include a poll tax and other voter registration measures that effectively disfranchised most African Americans and many poor European Americans.[94] Though their schools and public services were segregated and underfunded due to a lack of political representation, African Americans were able to unite in communities and take a greater role in Virginia society.[95]
Post-Reconstruction
New economic forces also changed the Commonwealth. Virginian James Albert Bonsack invented the tobacco cigarette rolling machine in 1880 leading to new industrial scale production centered on Richmond. In 1886, railroad magnate Collis Potter Huntington founded Newport News Shipbuilding, which was responsible for building six major World War I-era battleships for the U.S. Navy from 1907 to 1923.[96] During the war, German submarines like U-151 attacked ships outside the port.[97] In 1926, Dr. W.A.R. Goodwin, rector of Williamsburg's Bruton Parish Church, began restoration of colonial-era buildings in the historic district with financial backing of John D. Rockefeller, Jr.[98] Though their project, like others in the state, had to contend with the Great Depression and World War II, work continued as Colonial Williamsburg became a major tourist attraction.[99]
Protests started by Barbara Rose Johns in 1951 in Farmville against segregated schools led to the lawsuit Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County. This case, filed by Richmond natives Spottswood Robinson and Oliver Hill, was decided in 1954 with Brown v. Board of Education, which rejected the segregationist doctrine of 'separate but equal'. But, in 1958, under the policy of 'massive resistance' led by the influential segregationist Senator Harry F. Uttaran hindi serial full story. Byrd and his Byrd Organization, the Commonwealth prohibited desegregated local schools from receiving state funding.[100]
The civil rights movement gained many participants in the 1960s. It achieved the moral force and support to gain passage of national legislation with the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. In 1964 the United States Supreme Court ordered Prince Edward County and others to integrate schools.[101] In 1967, the Court also struck down the state's ban on interracial marriage with Loving v. Virginia. From 1969 to 1971, state legislators under Governor Mills Godwin rewrote the constitution, after goals such as the repeal of Jim Crow laws had been achieved. In 1989, Douglas Wilder became the first African American elected as governor in the United States.[102]
The Cold War led to the expansion of national defense government programs housed in offices in Northern Virginia near Washington, D.C., and correlative population growth.[103] The Central Intelligence Agency in Langley was involved in various Cold War events, including as the target of Soviet espionage activities. Also among the federal developments was the Pentagon, built during World War II as the headquarters for the Department of Defense. It was one of the targets of the September 11 attacks; 189 people died at the site when a jet passenger plane was flown into the building.[104]
Cities and towns
Largest cities or towns in Virginia | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Name | County | Pop. | ||||||
Virginia Beach Norfolk | 1 | Virginia Beach | Independent city | 450,435 | Chesapeake Arlington | ||||
2 | Norfolk | Independent city | 244,703 | ||||||
3 | Chesapeake | Independent city | 240,397 | ||||||
4 | Arlington | Arlington | 234,965 | ||||||
5 | Richmond | Independent city | 227,032 | ||||||
6 | Newport News | Independent city | 179,388 | ||||||
7 | Alexandria | Independent city | 160,035 | ||||||
8 | Hampton | Independent city | 134,669 | ||||||
9 | Roanoke | Independent city | 99,837 | ||||||
10 | Portsmouth | Independent city | 94,572 |
Virginia is divided into 95 counties and 38 independent cities, the latter acting in many ways as county-equivalents.[107] This general method of treating cities and counties on par with each other is unique to Virginia; only three other independent cities exist elsewhere in the United States, each in a different state.[108] Virginia limits the authority of cities and counties to countermand laws expressly allowed by the Virginia General Assembly under what is known as Dillon's Rule.[109] In addition to independent cities, there are also incorporated towns which operate under their own governments, but are part of a county. Finally there are hundreds of unincorporated communities within the counties. Virginia does not have any further political subdivisions, such as villages or townships.
Virginia has 11 Metropolitan Statistical Areas; Northern Virginia, Hampton Roads, and Richmond-Petersburg are the three most populous. Richmond is the capital of Virginia, and its metropolitan area has a population of over 1.2 million.[110] As of 2010, Virginia Beach is the most populous city in the Commonwealth, with Norfolk and Chesapeake second and third, respectively.[111] Norfolk forms the urban core of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area, which has a population over 1.6 million people and is the site of the world's largest naval base, Naval Station Norfolk.[110][112]Suffolk, which includes a portion of the Great Dismal Swamp, is the largest city by area at 429.1 square miles (1,111 km2).[113]
Fairfax County is the most populous locality in Virginia, with over one million residents, although that does not include its county seat Fairfax, which is one of the independent cities.[114] Fairfax County has a major urban business and shopping center in Tysons Corner, Virginia's largest office market.[115] Neighboring Prince William County is Virginia's second most populous county, with a population exceeding 450,000, and is home to Marine Corps Base Quantico, the FBI Academy and Manassas National Battlefield Park. Loudoun County, with the county seat at Leesburg, is both the fastest-growing county in Virginia and has the highest median household income ($114,204) in the country as of 2010.[116]Arlington County, the smallest self-governing county in the United States by land area, is an urban community organized as a county.[117] The Roanoke area, with an estimated population of 314,128, is the largest Metropolitan Statistical Area in western Virginia.[118]
Demographics
Historical population | |||
---|---|---|---|
Census | Pop. | %± | |
1790 | 691,737 | -- | |
1800 | 807,557 | 16.7% | |
1810 | 877,683 | 8.7% | |
1820 | 938,261 | 6.9% | |
1830 | 1,044,054 | 11.3% | |
1840 | 1,025,227 | −1.8% | |
1850 | 1,119,348 | 9.2% | |
1860 | 1,219,630 | 9.0% | |
1870 | 1,225,163 | 0.5% | |
1880 | 1,512,565 | 23.5% | |
1890 | 1,655,980 | 9.5% | |
1900 | 1,854,184 | 12.0% | |
1910 | 2,061,612 | 11.2% | |
1920 | 2,309,187 | 12.0% | |
1930 | 2,421,851 | 4.9% | |
1940 | 2,677,773 | 10.6% | |
1950 | 3,318,680 | 23.9% | |
1960 | 3,966,949 | 19.5% | |
1970 | 4,648,494 | 17.2% | |
1980 | 5,346,818 | 15.0% | |
1990 | 6,187,358 | 15.7% | |
2000 | 7,078,515 | 14.4% | |
2010 | 8,001,024 | 13.0% | |
Est. 2018 | 8,517,685 | 6.5% | |
Source: 1860[119] 1910–2010[120] 2018 estimate[7] |
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the state population was 8,517,685 on July 1, 2018, a 6.46% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[7] This includes an increase from net migration of 516,661 people into the Commonwealth since the 2010 census. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 159,627 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 155,205 people.[121] As of 2000, the center of population is located in Goochland County, near Richmond.[122]
Aside from Virginia, the top birth state for Virginians is New York, having overtaken North Carolina in the 1990s, with the Northeast accounting for the largest number of migrants into the state by region.[123]
Ethnicity
The state's most populous ethnic group, Non-Hispanic White, has declined as a proportion of population from 76% in 1990 to 62% in 2018, as other ethnicities have increased.[124][125] In 2011, non-Hispanic Whites were involved in 51% of all the births, while 49.1% of Virginia's population younger than age 1 had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white.[126] People of English heritage settled throughout the Commonwealth during the colonial period, and others of British and Irish heritage have since immigrated.[127] Those who identify on the census as having 'American ethnicity' are predominantly of English descent, but have ancestors who have been in North America for so long that they choose to identify simply as American.[128][129] Of the English immigrants to Virginia in the 17th century, 75% came as indentured servants.[130] The western mountains have many settlements that were founded by Scots-Irish immigrants before the American Revolution.[131][132] There are also sizable numbers of people of German descent in the northwestern mountains and Shenandoah Valley.[133] On the 2017 American Community Survey, 11.3% said they were of German ancestry.[134]
The largest minority group in Virginia is African American, at 19.8% as of 2018.[125] Most African-American Virginians have been descendants of enslaved Africans who worked on tobacco, cotton, and hemp plantations. The first generations of enslaved men, women and children were brought from West and West-Central Africa, primarily from Angola and the Bight of Biafra. The Igbo ethnic group of what is now southern Nigeria were the single largest African group among slaves in Virginia.[135] Many African Americans also have European and Native American ancestry. Though the black population was reduced by the Great Migration to northern industrial cities in the first half of the 20th century, since 1965 there has been a reverse migration of blacks returning south.[136] According to the Pew Research Center, the state has the highest number of black-white interracial marriages in the United States,[137] and 2.9% of Virginians describe themselves as biracial.[138]
More recent immigration in the late 20th century and early 21st century has resulted in new communities of Hispanics and Asians. As of 2018, 9.4% of Virginians are Hispanic or Latino (of any race), and 6.8% are Asian.[125] The state's Hispanic population rose by 92% from 2000 to 2010, with two-thirds of Hispanics in the state living in Northern Virginia.[138] Hispanic citizens in Virginia have higher median household incomes and educational attainment than the general state population.[139] There is a large Salvadoran population in the DC suburbs of Northern Virginia,[140] and a large Puerto Rican population in the Hampton Roads region of Southeast Virginia.[141] Northern Virginia also has a significant population of Vietnamese Americans, whose major wave of immigration followed the Vietnam War.[142]Korean Americans have migrated more recently, attracted by the quality school system.[143] The Filipino American community has about 45,000 in the Hampton Roads area, many of whom have ties to the U.S. Navy and armed forces.[144]
Additionally, 0.5% of Virginians are American Indian or Alaska Native, and 0.1% are Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander.[125] Virginia has extended state recognition to eight Native American tribes resident in the state; six of these gained federal recognition as tribes in 2018, and two were already recognized. Most Native American groups are located in the Tidewater region.[145]
|
Languages
As of 2010, 85.9% (6,299,127) of Virginia residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 6.4% (470,058) spoke Spanish, 0.8% (56,518) Korean, 0.6% (45,881) Vietnamese, 0.6% (42,418) Chinese (which includes Mandarin), and Tagalog was spoken as a main language by 0.6% (40,724) of the population over the age of five. In total, 14.1% (1,036,442) of Virginia's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English.[146] English was passed as the Commonwealth's official language by statutes in 1981 and again in 1996, though the status is not mandated by the Constitution of Virginia.[147]
The Piedmont region is known for its dialect's strong influence on Southern American English. While a more homogenized American English is found in urban areas, various accents are also used, including the Tidewater accent, the Old Virginia accent, and the anachronistic Elizabethan of Tangier Island.[148][149]
Religion
Religious groups (2014 est.) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Protestant | 58% | |||
None | 20% | |||
Catholic | 12% | |||
Mormon | 2% | |||
Eastern Orthodox | 1% | |||
Other faith | 6% |
Virginia is predominantly Christian and Protestant; Baptist denominations combined to form largest group with about 26% of the population as of 2014,[150] and around 763,655 total members as of 2010.[151] Baptist denominational groups in Virginia include the Baptist General Association of Virginia, with about 1,400 member churches, which supports both the Southern Baptist Convention and the moderate Cooperative Baptist Fellowship; and the Southern Baptist Conservatives of Virginia with more than 500 affiliated churches, which supports the Southern Baptist Convention.[152][153]Roman Catholics are the second-largest religious group with 673,853 members.[151] The Roman Catholic Diocese of Arlington includes most of Northern Virginia's Catholic churches, while the Diocese of Richmond covers the rest.
The Virginia Conference is the regional body of the United Methodist Church in most of the Commonwealth, while the Holston Conference represents much of extreme Southwest Virginia. The Virginia Synod is responsible for the congregations of the Lutheran Church. Presbyterian, Pentecostal, Congregationalist, and Episcopalian adherents each composed less than 2% of the population as of 2010.[151] The Episcopal Diocese of Virginia, Southern Virginia, and Southwestern Virginia support the various Episcopal churches.
In November 2006, 15 conservative Episcopal churches voted to split from the Diocese of Virginia over the ordination of openly gay bishops and clergy in other dioceses of the Episcopal Church; these churches continue to claim affiliation with the larger Anglican Communion through other bodies outside the United States. Though Virginia law allows parishioners to determine their church's affiliation, the diocese claimed the secessionist churches' buildings and properties. The resulting property law case, ultimately decided in favor of the mainline diocese, was a test for Episcopal churches nationwide.[154]
Among other religions, adherents of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints constitute 1% of the population, with 200 congregations in Virginia as of 2017.[155]Fairfax Station is the site of the Ekoji Buddhist Temple, of the Jodo Shinshu school, and the Hindu Durga Temple. While the state's Jewish population is small, organized Jewish sites date to 1789 with Congregation Beth Ahabah.[156]Muslims are a growing religious group throughout the Commonwealth through immigration.[157]Megachurches in the Commonwealth include Thomas Road Baptist Church, Immanuel Bible Church, and McLean Bible Church.[158] Several Christian universities are also based in the state, including Regent University, Liberty University, and Lynchburg College.
Economy
Virginia is an employment-at-will state;[159] its economy has diverse sources of income, including local and federal government, military, farming and business. Virginia has 4.1 million civilian workers, and one-third of the jobs are in the service sector.[160][161] The unemployment rate in Virginia as of 2018 is 2.9%, which is below the national average.[162] The second fastest job growth town in the nation is Leesburg, as of 2011.[163] The Gross Domestic Product of Virginia was over $510 billion in 2017.[164] According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, Virginia had the most counties in the top 100 wealthiest in the United States at sixteen counties based upon median income in 2007.[165]Northern Virginia is the highest-income region in Virginia, having six of the twenty highest-income counties in the United States, including the two highest as of 2008.[166] According to CNN Money Magazine the highest-income town in the nation is Great Falls, as of 2011.[167] According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Virginia had the seventh-largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, with a ratio of 6.64%.[168]
Government
Virginia has the highest defense spending of any state per capita, providing the Commonwealth with around 900,000 jobs.[170][171] Approximately 12% of all U.S. federal procurement money is spent in Virginia, the second-highest amount after California.[171][172] Many Virginians work for federal agencies in Northern Virginia, which include the Central Intelligence Agency and the Department of Defense, as well as the National Science Foundation, the United States Geological Survey and the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Many others work for government contractors, including defense and security firms, which hold more than 15,000 federal contracts.[173]
Virginia has one of the highest concentrations of veterans of any state,[174] and is second to California in total Department of Defense employees.[172][175] The Hampton Roads area has the largest concentration of military personnel and assets of any metropolitan area in the world,[176] including the largest naval base in the world, Naval Station Norfolk.[112] In its state government, Virginia employs 106,143 public employees, who combined have a median income of $44,656 as of 2013.[177]
Business
Virginia has the highest concentration of technology workers of any state,[178] and the fourth-highest number of technology workers after California, Texas, and New York.[179]Computer chips became the state's highest-grossing export in 2006, surpassing its traditional top exports of coal and tobacco combined,[180] reaching a total export value of $717 million in 2015.[181]Northern Virginia, once considered the state's dairy capital, now hosts software, communication technology, defense contracting companies, particularly in the Dulles Technology Corridor.
The state has the highest average and peak Internet speeds in the United States, with the third-highest worldwide.[182] Northern Virginia's data centers can carry up to 70% of the nation's Internet traffic,[183] and in 2015 the region was the largest and fastest growing data center market in the nation.[184][185]
Forbes magazine has named Virginia the best state in the nation for business five times, and included it in their top five in 2018,[186] as did CNBC in their America's Top States For Business 2018 rankings, with its deductions being mainly for the high cost of living.[187] Additionally, in 2014 a survey of 12,000 small business owners found Virginia to be one of the most friendly states for small businesses.[188] Virginia has 23 Fortune 500 companies, ranking the state sixth nationwide.[189]Tysons Corner is one of the largest business districts in the nation.
Tourism in Virginia supported an estimated 210,000 jobs and generated $21.2 billion in 2012.[190]Arlington County is the top tourist destination in the state by domestic spending, followed by Fairfax County, Loudoun County, and Virginia Beach.[191]
Agriculture
As of 2007, agriculture occupied 32% of the land in Virginia and about 357,000 Virginian jobs were in agriculture, with over 47,000 farms, averaging 171 acres (0.27 sq mi; 0.69 km2), in a total farmland area of 8.1 million acres (12,656 sq mi; 32,780 km2). Though agriculture has declined significantly since 1960 when there were twice as many farms, it remains the largest single industry in Virginia.[193] Tomatoes surpassed soy as the most profitable crop in Virginia in 2006, with peanuts and hay as other agricultural products.[194] Although it is no longer the primary crop, Virginia is still the fifth-largest producer of tobacco nationwide.[195]
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Virginia is the largest producer of seafood on the East Coast, with scallops, oysters, blue crabs, and clams as the largest seafood harvests by value, and France, Canada, and Hong Kong as the top export destinations.[196]Eastern oyster harvests have increased from 23,000 bushels in 2001 to over 500,000 in 2013.[197] Wineries and vineyards in the Northern Neck and along the Blue Ridge Mountains also have begun to generate income and attracted 2.3 million tourists in 2015.[198] Virginia has the fifth-highest number of wineries in the nation, with 248 as of 2014.[199]
Taxes
Virginia collects personal income tax in five income brackets, ranging from 3.0% to 5.75%. The state sales and use tax rate is 4.3%, while the tax rate on food is 1.5%. There is an additional 1% local tax, for a total of a 5.3% combined sales tax on most Virginia purchases and 2.5% on most food. The sales tax rate is .7% higher in Northern Virginia and Newport News, where it is 6.0%.[200] Virginia's property tax is set and collected at the local government level and varies throughout the Commonwealth. Real estate is also taxed at the local level based on 100% of fair market value. Tangible personal property also is taxed at the local level and is based on a percentage or percentages of original cost.[201]
Culture
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Virginia's culture was popularized and spread across America and the South by figures such as George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Robert E. Lee. Their homes in Virginia represent the birthplace of America and the South.[202] Modern Virginia culture has many sources, and is part of the culture of the Southern United States.[203] The Smithsonian Institution divides Virginia into nine cultural regions.[204]
Besides the general cuisine of the Southern United States, Virginia maintains its own particular traditions. Virginia wine is made in many parts of the state.[198]Smithfield ham, sometimes called 'Virginia ham', is a type of country ham which is protected by state law, and can only be produced in the town of Smithfield.[205]Virginia furniture and architecture are typical of American colonial architecture. Thomas Jefferson and many of the state's early leaders favored the Neoclassical architecture style, leading to its use for important state buildings. The Pennsylvania Dutch and their style can also be found in parts of the state.[133]
Literature in Virginia often deals with the state's extensive and sometimes troubled past. The works of Pulitzer Prize winner Ellen Glasgow often dealt with social inequalities and the role of women in her culture.[206] Glasgow's peer and close friend James Branch Cabell wrote extensively about the changing position of gentry in the Reconstruction era, and challenged its moral code with Jurgen, A Comedy of Justice.[207]William Styron approached history in works such as The Confessions of Nat Turner and Sophie's Choice.[208]Tom Wolfe has occasionally dealt with his southern heritage in bestsellers like I Am Charlotte Simmons.[209]Mount Vernon native Matt Bondurant received critical acclaim for his historic novelThe Wettest County in the World about moonshiners in Franklin County during prohibition.[210] Virginia also names a state Poet Laureate.[211]
Fine and performing arts
Rich in cultural heritage, Virginia however ranks near the bottom of U.S. states in terms of public spending on the arts, at nearly half of the national average.[212] The state government does fund some institutions, including the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts and the Science Museum of Virginia. Other museums include the popular Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum and the Chrysler Museum of Art.[213] Besides these sites, many open-air museums are located in the Commonwealth, such as Colonial Williamsburg, the Frontier Culture Museum, and various historic battlefields.[214] The Virginia Foundation for the Humanities works to improve the Commonwealth's civic, cultural, and intellectual life.[215]
Theaters and venues in the Commonwealth are found both in the cities and suburbs. The Harrison Opera House, in Norfolk, is home of the Virginia Opera. The Virginia Symphony Orchestra operates in and around Hampton Roads.[216] Resident and touring theater troupes operate from the American Shakespeare Center in Staunton.[217] The Barter Theatre, designated the State Theatre of Virginia, in Abingdon won the first Regional Theatre Tony Award in 1948, while the Signature Theatre in Arlington won it in 2009. There is also a Children's Theater of Virginia, Theatre IV, which is the second largest touring troupe nationwide.[218]
Virginia has launched many award-winning traditional musical artists and internationally successful popular music acts, as well as Hollywood actors.[1] Virginia is known for its tradition in the music genres of old-time string and bluegrass, with groups such as the Carter Family and Stanley Brothers, as well as gospel, blues, and shout bands.[219] Contemporary Virginia is also known for folk rock artists like Dave Matthews and Jason Mraz, hip hop stars like Pharrell Williams and Missy Elliott, as well as thrash metal groups like GWAR and Lamb of God.[220] Several members of country music band Old Dominion grew up in the Roanoke area, and took their band name from Virginia's state nickname.[221] Notable performance venues include The Birchmere, the Landmark Theater, and Jiffy Lube Live.[222]Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts is located in Vienna and is the only national park intended for use as a performing arts center.[223]
Festivals
Many counties and localities host county fairs and festivals. The Virginia State Fair is held at the Meadow Event Park every September. Also in September is the Neptune Festival in Virginia Beach, which celebrates the city, the waterfront, and regional artists. Norfolk's Harborfest, in June, features boat racing and air shows.[224]Fairfax County also sponsors Celebrate Fairfax! with popular and traditional music performances.[225] The Virginia Lake Festival is held during the third weekend in July in Clarksville.[226] Wolf Trap hosts the Wolf Trap Opera Company, which produces an opera festival every summer.[223] Each September, Bay Days celebrates the Chesapeake Bay as well as Hampton's 400-year history since 1610, and Isle of Wight County holds a County Fair on the second week of September as well. Both feature live music performances, and other unique events.
On the Eastern Shore island of Chincoteague the annual Pony Swim & Auction of feralChincoteague ponies at the end of July is a unique local tradition expanded into a week-long carnival. The Shenandoah Apple Blossom Festival is a six-day festival held annually in Winchester that includes parades and bluegrass concerts. The Old Time Fiddlers' Convention in Galax, begun in 1935, is one of the oldest and largest such events worldwide. Two important film festivals, the Virginia Film Festival and the VCU French Film Festival, are held annually in Charlottesville and Richmond, respectively.[227]
Media
The Hampton Roads area is the 45th-largest media market in the United States as ranked by Nielsen Media Research, while the Richmond-Petersburg area is 57th and Roanoke-Lynchburg is 66th as of 2013.[228] Northern Virginia is part of the much larger Washington, D.C. media market.
There are 36 television stations in Virginia, representing each major U.S. network, part of 42 stations which serve Virginia viewers.[229] More than 720 FCC-licensed FM radiostations broadcast in Virginia, with about 300 such AM stations.[230][231] The nationally available Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is headquartered in Arlington. Independent PBS affiliates exist throughout Virginia, and the Arlington PBS member station WETA-TV produces programs such as the PBS NewsHour and Washington Week.
The most circulated native newspapers in the Commonwealth are Norfolk'sThe Virginian-Pilot (142,476 daily subscribers), the Richmond Times-Dispatch (108,559), and The Roanoke Times (78,663), as of 2014.[232] Several Washington, D.C. papers are based in Northern Virginia, such as The Washington Examiner and Politico. The paper with the nation's widest circulation, USA Today, with 1.83 million daily subscriptions, is headquartered in McLean.[233] Besides traditional forms of media, Virginia is the home base for telecommunication companies such as GTT Communications and XO Communications. In Northern Virginia, The Washington Post is the dominant newspaper, since Northern VA is located in the Washington, DC metropolitan area.
Education
Virginia's educational system consistently ranks in the top five states on the U.S. Department of Education'sNational Assessment of Educational Progress, with Virginia students outperforming the average in all subject areas and grade levels tested.[236] The 2018 Quality Counts report ranked Virginia's K–12 education tenth best in the country.[237] All school divisions must adhere to educational standards set forth by the Virginia Department of Education, which maintains an assessment and accreditation regime known as the Standards of Learning to ensure accountability.[238] In 2018, 91.6% of high school students graduated on-time after four years, and increase of two percent from 2013.[239]
PublicK–12 schools in Virginia are generally operated by the counties and cities, and not by the state. As off the 2018–19 academic year, a total of 1,290,576 students were enrolled in 2,293 local and regional schools in the Commonwealth, including eight charter schools, and an additional 98 alternative and special education centers across 133 school divisions.[240][241] 2018 marked the first decline in overall enrollment in public schools, by just over 2,000 students, since 1984.[242] Besides the general public schools in Virginia, there are Governor's Schools and selective magnet schools. The Governor's Schools are a collection of more than 40 regional high schools and summer programs intended for gifted students.[243] The Virginia Council for Private Education oversees the regulation of 483 state accredited private schools.[244] An additional 17,283 students receive homeschooling.[245]
As of 2019, there are 169 colleges and universities in Virginia.[246] In the 2019 U.S. News & World Report ranking of national public universities, the University of Virginia is ranked No. 3, the College of William and Mary is No. 10, Virginia Tech is No. 30, George Mason University is No. 67, and Virginia Commonwealth University is No. 80.[247] Virginia Commonwealth is also ranked the No. 2 public graduate school in fine arts, while James Madison University is ranked the No. 6 regional university in The South.[248][249] The Virginia Military Institute is the oldest state military college.[250]Virginia State University and Virginia Tech are the state's land-grant universities. Virginia also operates 23 community colleges on 40 campuses serving over 225,000 credit students and around 175,000 non-credit students as of 2017.[251] There are 124 private institutions in the state, including nationally ranked liberal arts colleges Washington and Lee University at No. 11, the University of Richmond at No. 25, and the Virginia Military Institute at No. 81.[246][252] As of 2018, Liberty University had the largest enrollment, with 88,283 online students and 15,105 on-campus students in Lynchburg.[253]
Health
Virginia has a mixed health record, and is ranked as the 26th overall healthiest state according to the 2013 United Health Foundation's Health Rankings.[256] Virginia also ranks 21st among the states in the rate of premature deaths, 6,816 per 100,000. In 2008, Virginia reached its lowest ever rate of infant mortality, at 6.7 deaths per 1,000.[257] There are however racial and social health disparities, in 2010 African Americans experienced 28% more premature deaths than whites, while 13% of Virginians lack any health insurance. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 2009 survey, 26% of Virginians are obese and another 35% are overweight. 78% of residents claim to have exercised at least once in the past three months.[258][259] About 30% of Virginia's 10- to 17-year-olds are overweight or obese.[260] Virginia banned smoking in bars and restaurants in January 2010.[261] 19% of Virginians smoke tobacco.[256] Residents of Virginia's 8th congressional district share the longest average life expectancy rate in the nation, over 83 years.[262]
There are 89 hospitals in Virginia listed with the United States Department of Health and Human Services.[263] Notable examples include Inova Fairfax Hospital, the largest hospital in the Washington Metropolitan Area, and the VCU Medical Center, located on the medical campus of Virginia Commonwealth University. The University of Virginia Medical Center, part of the University of Virginia Health System, is highly ranked in endocrinology according to U.S. News & World Report.[264] Virginia has a ratio of 127 primary care physicians per 10,000 residents, which is the 16th highest nationally.[256] Virginia was one of five states to receive a perfect score in disaster preparedness according to a 2008 report by the Trust for America's Health, based on criteria such as detecting pathogens and distributing vaccines and medical supplies.[265]
Transportation
Because of the 1932 Byrd Road Act, the state government controls most of Virginia's roads, instead of a local county authority as is usual in other states.[267] As of 2018, the Virginia Department of Transportation owns and operates 57,867 miles (93,128 km) of the total 70,105 miles (112,823 km) of roads in the state, making it the third largest state highway system in the United States.[268] Although the Washington Metropolitan Area, which includes Northern Virginia, has the second highest rate of traffic congestion in the nation, Virginia as a whole has the 21st-lowest rate of congestion and the average commute time is 26.9 minutes.[269][270] Virginia hit peak car usage before the year 2000, making it one of the first such states.[271]
Virginia has Amtrak passenger rail service along several corridors, and Virginia Railway Express (VRE) maintains two commuter lines into Washington, D.C. from Fredericksburg and Manassas. VRE is one of the nation's fastest growing commuter rail services, handling nearly 20,000 passengers a day.[272]Arlington accounted for 40% of Virginia's public transit trips as of 2013, with most of that being from the Washington Metro transit system, which also serves Alexandria and communities in Fairfax County along I-66.[273] The system is currently expanding west into additional areas of Loudoun County.[274] Major freight railroads in Virginia include Norfolk Southern and CSX Transportation, the former of which is headquartered in Norfolk. Commuter buses include the Fairfax Connector and the Shenandoah Valley Commuter Bus. The Virginia Department of Transportation operates several free ferries throughout Virginia, the most notable being the Jamestown-Scotland ferry which crosses the James River in Surry County.[275]
Virginia has five major airports: Washington Dulles International and Reagan Washington National in Northern Virginia, both of which handle over 20 million passengers a year; Richmond International; and Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport and Norfolk International serving the Hampton Roads area. Several other airports offer limited commercial passenger service, and sixty-six public airports serve the state's aviation needs.[276] The Virginia Port Authority's main seaports are those in Hampton Roads, which carried 17,726,251 short tons (16,080,984 t) of bulk cargo in 2007, the sixth most of United States ports.[277] The Eastern Shore of Virginia is the site of Wallops Flight Facility, a rocket testing center owned by NASA, and the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport, a commercial spaceport.[278][279]Space tourism is also offered through Vienna-based Space Adventures.[280]
Law and government
In colonial Virginia, free men elected the lower house of the legislature, called the House of Burgesses, which together with the Governor's Council, made the 'General Assembly'. Founded in 1619, the Virginia General Assembly is still in existence as the oldest legislature in the Western Hemisphere.[281] In 2008, the government was ranked by the Pew Center on the States with an A− in terms of its efficiency, effectiveness, and infrastructure, tied with Utah and Washington. This was the second consecutive time that Virginia received the highest grade in the nation.[10]
Since 1971, the government has functioned under the seventh Constitution of Virginia, which provides for a strong legislature and a unified judicial system. Similar to the federal structure, the government is divided in three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. The legislature is the General Assembly, a bicameral body whose 100-member House of Delegates and 40-member Senate write the laws for the Commonwealth. The Assembly is stronger than the executive, as it selects judges and justices. Delegates serve two-year terms, while senators serve four-year terms, with the next elections for both taking place in November 2019.
The Governor and Lieutenant Governor are elected every four years in separate elections, with the next taking place in November 2021. Incumbent governors cannot run for re-election, however the Lieutenant Governor and Attorney General can, and governors may serve non-consecutive terms.[282] The lieutenant governor is the official head of the Senate, and is responsible for breaking ties. The House selects a Speaker, as well as majority and minority leaders.
The judicial system, also the oldest in America, consists of a hierarchy from the Supreme Court of Virginia and the Court of Appeals of Virginia to the Circuit Courts, the trial courts of general jurisdiction, and the lower General District Courts and Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Courts.[283] The Supreme Court has seven justices who are elected by a majority vote in both the House and Senate, and serve twelve-year terms, with a mandatory retirement age of 73. The Supreme Court selects its own Chief Justice, who is informally limited to two four-year terms.[284]
The Code of Virginia is the statutory law, and consists of the codified legislation of the General Assembly. The Virginia State Police is the largest law enforcement agency in Virginia. The Virginia Capitol Police is the oldest police department in the United States.[285] The Virginia National Guard consists of 7,500 soldiers in the Virginia Army National Guard and 1,200 airmen in the Virginia Air National Guard.[286] Since the resumption of capital punishment in Virginia in 1982, 107 people have been executed, the second highest number in the nation.[287] The 'total crime risk' is 28% lower than the national average.[288] Since Virginia ended prisoner parole in 1995, the rate of recidivism has fallen to 28.3%, among the lowest nationwide.[289] Virginia is an open-carry state.
Politics
Over the 20th century, Virginia shifted from a largely rural, politically Southern and conservative state to a more urbanized, pluralistic, and politically moderate environment. Up until the 1970s, Virginia was a racially divided one-party state dominated by the Byrd Organization.[291] The legacy of slavery in the state effectively disfranchised African Americans until after passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-1960s.[292] Enfranchisement and immigration of other groups, especially Hispanics, have placed growing importance on minority voting,[293] while voters that identify as 'white working-class' declined by three percent between 2008 and 2012.[294]
Regional differences also play a large part in Virginia politics.[295] Rural southern and western areas moved to support the Republican Party in response to its 'southern strategy', while urban and growing suburban areas, including much of Northern Virginia, form the Democratic Partybase.[296][297] Democratic support also persists in union-influenced Roanoke in Southwest Virginia, college towns such as Charlottesville and Blacksburg, and the southeastern Black Belt Region.[298] State election seasons traditionally start with the annual Shad Planking event in Wakefield.[290]
State elections
Political control within the state has been in flux, leading to several recent divided governments. In the 2007 state elections, Democrats took control of the State Senate, and narrowed the Republican majority in the House of Delegates to eight seats.[299] Yet elections in 2009 resulted in the election of Republican Bob McDonnell as Governor by a seventeen-point margin, the election of a Republican Lieutenant Governor and Attorney General, as well as Republican gains of six seats in the House of Delegates.[300]In 2011, the Republican caucus took over two-thirds (68–32) of the seats in the House of Delegates, and a majority of the Senate based on the Lieutenant Governor Bill Bolling as the tie-breaker.[301] Unity control only lasted two years, and in the 2013 elections, Democrat Terry McAuliffe was elected Governor by two percentage points,[302][303] and Democrat Ralph Northam was elected Lieutenant Governor by double digits.[304][305] Republicans, however, maintained their super-majority (68–32) in the House of Delegates.[304][306]
Northam: 40-49% 50-59% 60-69% 70-79% 80+%
Gillespie: 40-49% 50-59% 60-69% 70-79% 80+%
The 2017 statewide elections resulted in Democrats holding the three highest offices, with outgoing lieutenant governor Ralph Northamwinning the governorship, Justin Fairfax becoming the first African-American elected lieutenant governor, and Mark Herringcontinuing as attorney general. Republicans meanwhile continued a statewide electoral drought that dates to McDonnell's 2009 gubernatorial victory. In concurrent House of Delegates elections, Democrats flipped fifteen of the Republicans' previous sixteen-seat majority.[307] Control of the House came down to the tied election in the 94th district, which was won by Republicans through drawing of lots, giving them a 51–49 majority.[308]
Federal elections
In federal elections since 2006, both parties have seen successes. Republican Senator George Allen lost close races in 2006, to Democratic newcomer Jim Webb, and again in 2012, to Webb's replacement, former Governor Tim Kaine.[309] In 2008, Democrats won both United States Senate seats; former Governor Mark Warner was elected to replace retiring Republican John Warner.[310] In the 2010 mid-term elections, the first under President Obama, Republicans flipped three United States House of Representatives seats from the Democrats, while in the 2018 mid-terms, the first under President Trump, Democrats flipped three seats from Republicans. Of the state's eleven seats in the House of Representatives, Democrats currently hold seven and Republicans hold four.
Though Virginia was considered a 'swing state' in recent presidential elections,[8] Democrat Barack Obama carried Virginia's 13 electoral votes in 2008 and 2012,[294] while Democrat Hillary Clinton carried the state in 2016. Virginia had previously voted for Republican presidential candidates in 13 out of 14 presidential elections from 1952 to 2004, including 10 in a row from 1968 to 2004.[8]
Sports
Virginia is the most populous U.S. state without a major professional sports league franchise.[311] The reasons for this include the lack of any dominant city or market within the state, the proximity of teams in Washington, D.C. and North Carolina, and a reluctance to publicly finance stadiums.[312][313] However, in recent years, the city of Virginia Beach has proposed a new arena designed to lure a major league franchise. Norfolk is host to two minor league teams: The AAANorfolk Tides and the ECHL's Norfolk Admirals. The San Francisco Giants' AA team, the Richmond Flying Squirrels, began play at The Diamond in 2010, replacing the AAA Richmond Braves, who relocated after 2008.[314] Additionally, the Washington Nationals, Boston Red Sox, Cleveland Indians, Atlanta Braves, Pittsburgh Pirates, New York Yankees, and Toronto Blue Jays also have Single-A and Rookie-level farm teams in Virginia.[315] The state is also home to a United Soccer League club, the Richmond Kickers.[316]
The Washington Redskins have Redskins Park, their headquarters, in Ashburn and their training facility is in Richmond,[317] and the Washington Capitals train at Kettler Capitals Iceplex in Ballston. Virginia has many professional caliber golf courses including the Greg Norman course at Lansdowne Resort and Kingsmill Resort, home of the Kingsmill Championship, an LPGA Tour tournament. NASCAR currently schedules Monster Energy NASCAR Cup races on two tracks in Virginia: Martinsville Speedway and Richmond Raceway. Virginia natives currently competing in the series include Denny Hamlin and Elliott Sadler.[318]
Virginia does not allow state appropriated funds to be used for either operational or capital expenses for intercollegiate athletics.[320] Despite this, both the Virginia Cavaliers and Virginia Tech Hokies have been able to field competitive teams in the Atlantic Coast Conference and maintain modern facilities. Their rivalry is followed statewide. Twelve other universities compete in NCAADivision I, particularly in the Atlantic 10 Conference, Big South Conference, and Colonial Athletic Association. Three historically black schools compete in the Division II Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association, and two others compete in the Division I Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference. Several smaller schools compete in the Old Dominion Athletic Conference and the USA South Athletic Conference of NCAA Division III. The NCAA currently holds its Division IIIchampionships in football, men's basketball, volleyball and softball in Salem.[321]
State symbols
The state nickname is its oldest symbol, though it has never been made official by law. Virginia was given the title 'Dominion' by King Charles II of England at the time of The Restoration, because it had remained loyal to the crown during the English Civil War, and the present moniker, 'Old Dominion' is a reference to that title. Charles' supporters were called Cavaliers, and 'The Cavalier State' nickname was popularized after the American Civil War to romanticize the antebellum period. Sports teams from the University of Virginia are called the Cavaliers.[322] The other nickname, 'Mother of Presidents', is also historic, as eight Virginians have served as President of the United States, including four of the first five.[1]
The state's motto, Sic Semper Tyrannis, translates from Latin as 'Thus Always to Tyrants', and is used on the state seal, which is then used on the flag. While the seal was designed in 1776, and the flag was first used in the 1830s, both were made official in 1930.[1] The majority of the other symbols were made official in the late 20th century.[323] The Virginia reel is among the square dances classified as the state dance.[11] In March 2015, after 20 years without a state song, Virginia received two: 'Our Great Virginia' (official traditional state song) and 'Sweet Virginia Breeze' (official popular state song).[324] In 1940, Virginia made 'Carry Me Back to Old Virginny' the state song, but it was retired in 1997 and reclassified as the state song emeritus.[325]
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See also
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External links
- Virginia at Curlie
Government
Tourism and recreation
Culture and history
Maps and Demographics
- Geographic data related to Virginia at OpenStreetMap
Preceded by New Hampshire | List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union Ratified Constitution on June 25, 1788 (10th) | Succeeded by New York |
Coordinates: 38°N79°W / 38°N 79°W